Limbs 3 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
What are the two major regions of the lower limb?
A
- gluteal region (buttock and hip)
- free lower limb (thigh, leg and foot)
2
Q
What is the leg?
A
The area between the knee and the ankle
3
Q
What is the gluteal region homologous to in the upper limb?
A
The pectoral girdle
4
Q
What is the knee joint homologous to in the upper limb?
A
The elbow joint
5
Q
Why do the homologous actions between the upper and lower limb appear so different?
A
Developmental differences in the arrangement of muscle groups
6
Q
How does flexion differ between the elbow and knee joints?
A
- elbow = anterior movement
- knee = posterior movement
7
Q
Why does the flexion in the knee and elbow joints differ?
A
- upper and lower limb buds extend laterally in early limb development
- at 7-8 weeks the lower limbs rotate medially just below the hip (permanent pronation)
- results in anterior structres becoming posterior and vice versa
8
Q
What is the outcome of rotation in the developing lower limb?
A
- anterior dermatomes have twisted oblique fields rather than straight
- extensor muscles are anterior and flexors are posterior
9
Q
What are the bones of the buttock/hip?
A
Pelvic girdle
10
Q
What are the bones of the thigh?
A
Femur and patella
11
Q
What are the bones of the leg?
A
Tibia and fibula
12
Q
What are the bones of the foot?
A
Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
13
Q
Which bones form the pelvic girdle?
A
- the hip bones (x2)
- sacrum
14
Q
What are the three bones which fuse to form each hip bone?
A
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
15
Q
What is the joint which articulates the hips bones and the sacrum?
A
Sacro-iliac joint
16
Q
What is the joint between the two hip bones?
A
Pubic symphysis
17
Q
What is the timescale for fusion of the hip bones?
A
- begins ~15 years
- finished by early 20s
18
Q
Where do the three bones of the hip bone meet?
A
Triradiate cartilage
19
Q
What do the three bones of the hip form around the triradiate cartilage?
A
Acetabullum (socket of the hip joint)
20
Q
What is the obturator foramen?
A
Round opening between the interior and exterior of the pelvis, covered by the obturator membrane
21
Q
What does the femur articulate with?
A
- pelvis proximally
- tibia distally
22
Q
What is the linea aspera?
A
- ridge running through the posterior surface of the femur
- attachment site for a number of muscles
23
Q
Why do the knees sit close together under the pelvis and why is this important?
A
- femoral head and neck are at an angle while the distal end is horizontal
- thighs are inferomedially oblique
- allows for efficient bipedal standing and walking
24
Q
Label this diagram of the proximal femur
A
- pectineal line
- lesser trochanter
- trochanteric crest
- head
- neck
- greater trochanter
- gluteal tuberosity
- linea aspera
25
Label this diagram of the distal femur
1. medial epicondyle
2. medial condyle
3. intercondylar fossa
4. lateral condyle
5. lateral epicondyle
26
Which of the two bones of the leg is larger and weight-bearing?
The tibia
27
What does the tibia articulate with?
- femur proximally
- talus tarsal bone distally
28
What is the tibial plateau?
Widened proximal end of tibia
29
What is the medial malleolus?
Distal end of the tibia
30
Which bone of the leg is primarily used for muscle attachment?
Fibula
31
What is the lateral malleoulus?
- distal end of the fibula
- forms lateral wall of the ankle joint
32
What connects the tibia and fibula?
Intraosseous membrane
33
What are the three parts of the tibial plateau?
- lateral condyle
- medial condyle
- intercondylar eminence
34
What is an important muscle attachment site at the proximal end of the tibia?
Tibial tuberosity
35
What does the proximal end of the fibula articulate with?
- tibia at the proximal tibiofibular joint
- doesn't articulate with femur
36
What is the upper surface of the foot called?
Dorsum
37
What is the sole of the foot called?
Planta
38
How are the flexion and extension movements of the foot described?
In relation to the dorsum and planta
39
What is dorsiflexion?
Toes point up
40
What is plantarflexion?
Toes point down
41
What is inversion of the foot?
Planta faces medially
42
What is eversion of the foot?
Planta faces laterally
43
What is the anatomical name for the big toe?
Hallux
44
What is the anatomical name for the heel bone?
Calcaneus
45
What are the names of the tarsal bones?
.
46
How many metarsals and phalanges are there?
5
47
Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?
Talus
48
What are the three arches of the foot?
.
49
What is the hip joint?
- articulation of the head of femur and the acetabulum
- connects lower limb to trunk
- ball and socket synovial joint
- highly mobile
50
What are the movements at the hip joint?
- flexion (forward)
- extension (backwards)
- abduction (laterally)
- adduction (medially)
- lateral and medial rotation
51
What are the two joints at the knee?
- knee joint
- patello-femoral joint
52
What is the knee joint?
- synovial hinge joint
- between the condyles of the distal femur and condyles of the proximal tibia
53
What is the patello-femoral joint?
- gliding synovial joint
- between the patella and anterior intercondylar groove of the femur
54
What are the two joints which articulate the tibia and fibula?
- proximal tibiofibular joint (plane synovial joint)
- distal tibiofibular joint (fibrous joint)
55
What is the ankle joint?
- between the tibia, fibula and talis tarsal bone
- synovial hinge joint
56
What is the acetabular notch?
Gap where joining of the three hip bones is incomplete
57
What is the acetabular fossa?
- depression inside the acetabulum
- contains fibro-fatty tissue
58
Which ligamentous structre spans the acetabular notch?
Transverse acetabular ligament
59
What is the shape of the articular surface of the acetabulum and why is it important?
Horseshoe, minimises contact stress
60
What is the acetabular labrum?
Cartilage rim which deepens the acetabulum
61
Which ligament connects the acetabulum and the head of the femur?
Ligamentum teres
62
What are the three capsular ligaments which stabilise the hip joint?
.
63
What happens when the capsular ligaments of the hip joint are twisted and when does this happen?
- they draw together the structures they're attached to
- happens in extension of the hip joint
64
What are the movements at the knee?
- flexion (backwards)
- extension (forwards)
- limited gliding, rolling and rotation
65
Why are other structures needed to stabilise the knee joint?
- lack of congruence between the distal femur and proximal tibia
- unstable
66
Where are the articular surfaces of the knee joint found on the femur?
- condyles
- pair of surfaces which are convex on the anterior-posterior axis
- separated by intercondylar fossa
67
What is the articular surface for the knee joint on the tibia?
- tibial plateau
- pair of condyles separated by the intercondylar eminence
68
What are the two pairs of ligaments which stabilise the knee joint?
- anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
- medial and lateral collateral ligaments
69
What are the attachments of the collateral ligaments?
- medial = medial femur and tibia
- lateral = lateral femur and fibula
70
What is the function of the collateral ligaments?
Prevent abduction and adduction of the knee joint
71
What is the name of the cartilage which is often damaged in the knee and what is their function?
- meniscus
- increase the congruence of the joint
- medial meniscus is most likely to be injured because it is attached to the medial collateral ligament
72
What are bursae?
- lubricated fluid-filled sac around joints
- provides cushioning for tendons sliding over bony surfaces
- can become inflamed causing very painful bursitis
73
What causes bursitis?
Overuse or injury
74
What are the pointed prominences on the talis called?
Medial and lateral malleoli
75
Which joints are responsible for inversion and eversion of the foot?
Sub-talar and transverse tarsal joints
76
What is a sprained ankle?
Forced inversion (or eversion) of the collateral ligaments causing damage
77
What are the collateral ligaments of the ankle joint?
- medial deltoid ligament
- anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments
- calcaneofibular ligament
