Limitations

Question 1

What safety factor is added to aircraft structure

Answer 1

1.5 time stronger than the expected maximum load

Question 2

What is the minimum load limit (design load limit) of modern transport aircraft

Answer 2

2.5

Question 3

What is the minimum load limit (design load limit) of utility aircraft

Answer 3

4.4

Question 4

What is the minimum load limit (design load limit) of aerobatic aircraft

Answer 4

6

Question 5

How well must a aircraft withstand the load limit

Answer 5

Without damage or bending

Question 6

What is the ultimate load limit

Answer 6

1.5 x DLL

Question 7

What is the ultimate load limit for transport aircraft

Answer 7

3.75

Question 8

What is the ultimate load limit for utility aircraft

Answer 8

6.6

Question 9

What is the ultimate load limit for aerobatic aircraft

Answer 9

9

Question 10

How well does a aircraft need to withstand the ultimate load limit

Answer 10

Bending /overstressing is allowed but not breaking / causing permanent damage

Question 11

How does mass affect load factor

Answer 11

It doesn’t, just a ratio of lift times weight

Question 12

What are the minimum load limits for a transport aircraft

Answer 12

2. 5

- 1

Question 13

What is the minimum ultimate load factor for transport aircraft

Answer 13

3. 75

- 1.5

Question 14

How does load factor affect stall speed

Answer 14

Higher load factor = higher stall speed

Question 15

What is Va

Answer 15

Designed manoeuvre speed

Tends to be slightly less than 2.5g stall speed

As long as u are below this speed you won’t overstress the aircraft

Question 16

What is Vb

Answer 16

Speed for max gust intensity

Must be able to withstand gust of 66ft/ second up or down @ 20,000ft

38ft / second up / down @ 50,000ft

Question 17

What is Vfe

Answer 17

Max speed for flap extension

Question 18

How does mass affect Va

Answer 18

Mass up = stall speed up = Va up

Question 19

How does flaps affect Va speed

Answer 19

Can’t go as fast = smaller envelope = reduces stall speed = reduces Va

Question 20

What is Vra (Vturb)

Answer 20

Turbulent penetration speed

Question 21

What is Vc

Answer 21

Design cruise speed

Max speed you can go in cruise before overstressing aircraft

Question 22

What is Vmo

Answer 22

Maximum operating speeds

Max speed that must not be intentionally exceeded during any phase of flight

Question 23

What is Vne

Answer 23

Velocity never exceed

For little planes

Question 24

What is Vd

Answer 24

Design dive speed (design death speed)

Fastest you can go in a dive without breaking aircraft

Gust intensity requirement of 25ft / second @ 20,000

Question 25

What is Mmo

Answer 25

Max operating Mach number At higher alt Mmo becomes restrictive and then replaces Vmo as the max limiting speed reference

Question 26

What is Vno

Answer 26

Max structural cruise speed Applicable to small aircraft Slow end of yellow arc

Question 27

What is Vle

Answer 27

Max landing gear extended speed Max speed at which the aeroplane can be flown with gear down and locked

Question 28

What is Vlo

Answer 28

Max landing gear operating speed Although Vlo May be the same as Vle it is usually slower because gear doors are not properly braced when traveling

Question 29

What affect does a downgust have on lift

Answer 29

Less AOA Less lift

Question 30

What effect does a up guest have on lift

Answer 30

More AOA | More lift

Question 31

What affect does up and down gusts have on load factors

Answer 31

Up gust = higher load factor Down gust = Lower Load factor

Question 32

How does a gust change load factor

Answer 32

Gusts cause change in load factor due to change in lift due to change in Cl due to a change in AOA

Question 33

How does altitude affect load factor change due to gusts

Answer 33

Less change in AOA therefor less load factor change

Question 34

How does speed affect the change in load factor due to a gust

Answer 34

Faster speed = greater increase in load factor

Question 35

How does aspect ratio affect the change in Load factor for a gust

Answer 35

High aspect ratio = high change in load factor

Question 36

How does weight affect change in load factor due to gust

Answer 36

Proportionally Heavy = less change in load factor

Question 37

How does manoeuvring affect the change in load factor due to gust

Answer 37

Less affect The harder you make the wing work the less gust load effect

Question 38

What is the shape of the gust load envelope from 1g

Answer 38

Symmetrical

Question 39

What is the shape of the manoeuvre envelope

Answer 39

Not symmetrical

Question 40

What is flutter

Answer 40

``` Gust = increase AOA = twist round flexural axis = once gust removed = wing springs back = bends down = keeps repeating = getting worse ```

Question 41

How can you resist flutter

Answer 41

Make wing stronger Mass balance infront of flexural axis (engine) Can move flexural axis forward Sweep back wing

Question 42

How do control surfaces affect flutter

Answer 42

Gust striking aileron / movement of aileron = makes it worse

Question 43

What is low speed aileron reversal

Answer 43

Slow flight Wing at high AOA Left aileron down (to roll right) AOA increases Stall Roll left

Question 44

What is high speed aileron reversal

Answer 44

Aileron down at high speed Up force Twists round flextorial axis Leading edge down Wing = negative AOA High speed aileron reversal

Question 45

What wing is high speed aileron reversal worse

Answer 45

Straight wing

Question 46

What affect does a rearward movement of CG have on downwash

Answer 46

Reduces downwash

Question 47

What affects Va

Answer 47

Mass and pressure altitude