Limitations Of Agencies Of Achieveing Social Control

Question 1

What is recidivism?

Answer 1

Recidivism refers to the tendency of previously incarcerated individuals to reoffend and return to prison.

Question 2

What has been the trend in recidivism rates over the past 30 years?

Answer 2

Recidivism rates have risen, leading to a 70% increase in prison numbers over 30 years.

Question 3

What is the community supervision requirement for offenders?

Answer 3

Offenders serving at least two days in prison must now spend 12 months under community supervision.

Question 4

What percentage of adults reoffend within a year?

Answer 4

48% of adults reoffend within a year.

Question 5

What is the reoffending rate for sentences under a year?

Answer 5

The reoffending rate rises to 63% for sentences under a year.

Question 6

What are the reconviction rates for women?

Answer 6

Women’s reconviction rates reach 58%, increasing to 73% for shorter sentences.

Question 7

What is the reoffending rate for youth offenders?

Answer 7

Youth offenders have a 77% reoffending rate.

Question 8

What is the economic and social cost of reoffending?

Answer 8

The economic and social cost of reoffending is £18.1 billion.

Question 9

How does overcrowded prisons affect rehabilitation?

Answer 9

Overcrowded prisons limit rehabilitation, perpetuating crime and weakening social control.

Question 10

What impact do budget constraints have on prisons?

Answer 10

Budget constraints strain resources, widening the prisoner-to-staff ratio and increasing violence.

Question 11

What factors drive reoffending after release?

Answer 11

Limited post-release support in housing, employment, and finances drives reoffending.

Question 12

What does social learning theory suggest about offenders?

Answer 12

Social learning theory suggests offenders learn criminal behavior from peers in prison.

Question 13

What happens without effective intervention?

Answer 13

Without effective intervention, the cycle of crime persists, undermining rehabilitation efforts.

Question 14

What is a limitation related to prisoners’ rehabilitation?

Answer 14

Limited access to resources and support restricts prisoners’ rehabilitation, undermining social control.

Question 15

What are some challenges faced by prisoners post-release?

Answer 15

Many face financial struggles, unstable housing, and limited employment or training opportunities.

Question 16

What is the impact of overcrowding in prisons?

Answer 16

Overcrowding worsens rehabilitation efforts, with 80 out of 121 prisons exceeding capacity.

Question 17

What incident highlighted the effects of officer shortages in prisons?

Answer 17

The 2016 Birmingham Prison Riots, where 500 inmates rioted due to staff shortages.

Question 18

What does the 2021 Bromley Briefings reveal about prisoner education?

Answer 18

There was a 12% drop in prisoner education (2017/18), with 62% having literacy skills of an 11-year-old.

Question 19

What percentage of prisons received positive ratings for purposeful activity in 2019/20?

Answer 19

Only 36% of prisons received positive ratings for purposeful activity.

Question 20

What was the outcome of OFSTED inspections for prisons?

Answer 20

Nearly 75% of prisons failed OFSTED inspections.

Question 21

What are the statistics regarding stable housing post-release?

Answer 21

Only 50% had stable housing post-release, with 17% homeless.

Question 22

What is the amount of the discharge grant for prisoners?

Answer 22

A stagnant £46 discharge grant provides little support.

Question 23

How does left realism relate to ex-offenders?

Answer 23

Ex-offenders are marginalised through lack of work and relative deprivation, increasing reoffending.

Question 24

What is the link between overcrowding and social control?

Answer 24

Overcrowding limits social control because it restricts rehabilitation opportunities.

Question 25

What is the consequence of limited resources for ex-prisoners?

Answer 25

Without resources, ex-prisoners feel excluded, increasing reoffending.

Question 26

What percentage cut did police budgets face from 2010 to 2019?

Answer 26

Police budgets faced a significant cut of 19% from 2010 to 2019.

Question 27

How many police officers were lost due to budget cuts from 2010 to 2019?

Answer 27

There were 21,732 officer losses due to budget cuts from 2010 to 2019.

Question 28

What financial pressures did police face in 2020?

Answer 28

Police faced a £250m estimated loss from local authority cuts and reduced income from policing events due to the pandemic.

Question 29

What impact do budget constraints have on police investigations?

Answer 29

Budget constraints push police to prioritize quickly solvable crimes, leading to fewer investigations into complex cases like sexual assault.

Question 30

What was the funding reduction percentage for the CPS since 2010?

Answer 30

The CPS saw a 30% funding reduction since 2010.

Question 31

What was the CPS budget in 2019?

Answer 31

The CPS budget in 2019 was £567m.

Question 32

What issues arose from staff cuts in the CPS?

Answer 32

Staff cuts in the CPS led to case delays and inadequate preparation, increasing the risk of miscarriages of justice.

Question 33

What percentage cut did prison budgets face between 2011 and 2015?

Answer 33

Prison budgets were cut by 25% (£900m) between 2011 and 2015.

Question 34

What was the overall reduction in HMPPS funding from 2010 to 2015?

Answer 34

There was a 20% overall reduction in HMPPS funding from 2010 to 2015.

Question 35

How much lower is prison funding compared to 2010?

Answer 35

Despite some reinvestment, prison funding remains 8% lower than in 2010.

Question 36

What increase in suicides occurred in prisons over the last 10 years?

Answer 36

There was a 50% increase in suicides in prisons over the last 10 years.

Question 37

What impact do staff shortages have in prisons?

Answer 37

Staff shortages have led to riots and increased violence in prisons.

Question 38

What percentage did real-term spending per person on probation fall from 2003 to 2019?

Answer 38

Real-term spending per person on probation fell by 40% from 2003 to 2019.

Question 39

What is the annual cost of reoffending to the economy?

Answer 39

Reoffending costs the economy £18.1bn annually.

Question 40

How much funding have charities and pressure groups lost over the last decade?

Answer 40

Charities and pressure groups have lost £3.8bn in funding over the last decade.

Question 41

What impact does reduced funding have on charities?

Answer 41

Reduced funding limits charities' ability to provide essential services, impacting crime prevention and rehabilitation programs.

Question 42

What is a moral imperative?

Answer 42

A moral imperative is a deeply held principle that compels individuals to act, even if it means breaking the law.

Question 43

How do offenders driven by moral imperatives view their actions?

Answer 43

Offenders often believe their actions are justified, making punishment ineffective in changing their mindset.

Question 44

What is a limitation of social control regarding moral imperatives?

Answer 44

Laws may not deter those who see their crimes as morally necessary.

Question 45

Example of a moral imperative in action (Example 1)

Answer 45

Kay Gilderdale administered drugs to end her daughter's suffering, believing it was morally right. ## Footnote Assisted suicide is illegal in the UK.

Question 46

Example of a moral imperative in action (Example 2)

Answer 46

Luke Steele committed crimes like harassment and attacks on laboratories to protest animal testing.

Question 47

How do moral imperatives relate to Durkheim's theory?

Answer 47

Such cases contribute to boundary maintenance, reinforcing societal norms, while public sympathy may lead to social change, influencing legal reform over time.

Question 48

What do local and national policies shape in relation to police?

Answer 48

Local and national policies shape police priorities, often limiting social control by focusing on specific crimes while neglecting others.

Question 49

What was the UK government's directive from 2010 to 2015 regarding police priorities?

Answer 49

The UK government directed police to tackle knife, gun, and gang crime, introducing gang injunctions and allocating €1.2 million for support workers.

Question 50

What was a potential consequence of the UK government's focus on violent crime?

Answer 50

It potentially diverted resources from other offences.

Question 51

What was the focus of the Mayor of London's 2017 policy?

Answer 51

The Mayor of London's 2017 policy focused on hate crimes and anti-terror measures.

Question 52

What did the CPS do in 2017 regarding social media?

Answer 52

In 2017, Alison Saunders launched a crackdown on social media hate crimes, responding to a 20% rise.

Question 53

What do Marxists argue about law enforcement priorities?

Answer 53

Marxists argue this reflects selective law enforcement, targeting working-class crime while overlooking white-collar offences that challenge the ruling class.

Question 54

How does the environment influence reoffending rates?

Answer 54

The environment limits social control by influencing reoffending rates, particularly through social circles involving crime and drug use.

Question 55

What percentage of prisoners who receive family visits are less likely to reoffend?

Answer 55

Prisoners who receive family visits are 39% less likely to reoffend.

Question 56

What percentage of prisoners receive weekly family visits?

Answer 56

Only 19% of prisoners receive weekly family visits.

Question 57

How does living with immediate family post-release affect reoffending?

Answer 57

Living with immediate family post-release reduces reoffending rates.

Question 58

What percentage of released offenders live with immediate family?

Answer 58

Only 61% of released offenders live with immediate family.

Question 59

What is the percentage of prisons that received a positive OFSTED rating for purposeful activity in 2019-20?

Answer 59

Only 36% of prisons received a positive OFSTED rating for purposeful activity in 2019-20.

Question 60

What was the percentage of prisons with a positive OFSTED rating in 2016-17?

Answer 60

50% of prisons received a positive OFSTED rating for purposeful activity in 2016-17.

Question 61

What percentage of ex-offenders are employed six weeks after release?

Answer 61

Only 10% of ex-offenders are employed six weeks after release.

Question 62

What percentage of ex-offenders are employed after one year?

Answer 62

The employment rate rises to 17% after one year.

Question 63

What do Marxists argue about the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

Answer 63

Marxists argue that the bourgeoisie limit opportunities for the proletariat, forcing them into crime and reinforcing class-based social control.