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Excercise Physiology - Physical Education > Linear Motion > Flashcards

Linear Motion Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

Define linear motion

A

Motion in a curved or a straight line with all body parts moving at the same distance, at the same speed, and in the same direction

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2
Q

What are the 10 measurements used in linear motion

A

Mass
Inertia
Distance
Speed
Weight
Acceleration
Deceleration
Displacement
Velocity
Momentum

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3
Q

What is scalar described in terms of

A

Size OR magnitude

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4
Q

What is vector described in terms of

A

Size AND direction

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5
Q

What are the scalar measurements used in linear motion

A

Mass
Distance
Inertia
Speed

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6
Q

What are the vector measurements used in linear motion

A

Weight
Acceleration
Deceleration
Displacement
Velocity
Momentum

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7
Q

Define Newtons 1st law of motion

A

Every body continues in its rest or motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by external forces acting upon it

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8
Q

What is inertia

A

The resistance an object has to change its state of motion

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9
Q

Does it take more force to move something at rest or something already moving

A

If something is at rest it will take more force to get past rest and start moving than something already moving

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10
Q

Define Newtons 2nd law of motion

A

The rate of change of momentum of a body (or the acceleration for a body of constant mass) is proportional to the force causing it and the change that takes place in the direction in which the force acts
The harder the force, the farther the object will go

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11
Q

What 2 aspects does Newtons 2nd law relate to

A

Mass
Acceleration

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12
Q

How can the size of the force in Newtons 2nd law be calculated

A

Using the equation
Net force = Mass x Acceleration
Fnet=MxA

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13
Q

Define Newtons 3rd law of motion

A

To every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force)

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14
Q

According to Newtons 3rd law, what is the relationship between the action force and the reaction force

A

The relationship is equal and opposite

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15
Q

Define mass, is it scalar or vector? How do you know?

A

A physical quantity that identifies the amount of matter in a body, measured in Kgs
Scalar, it has no direction only a size

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16
Q

Define weight and give its equation, is it scalar or vector? How do you know?

A

Weight is the force of a given weight due to gravity, measured in Newtons
Weight = Mass x Gravitational field strength —> gravitational force exerted on an object is directly proportional to mass
Vector, has a size and a direction

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17
Q

Define displacement, is it scalar or vector? How do you know? What is it measured in

A

The length of a straight line from the start to the finish point
Vector, has a size and a direction
Measured in metres

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18
Q

Define distance, is it scalar or vector? How do you know? What is it measured in

A

The length of a path that a body follows when moving from one place to another
Scalar, no direction it only measures the size
Measured in metres

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19
Q

Define speed and give its equation, is it scalar or vector? How do you know? What is it measured in

A

Speed is the rate of change of position per time unit
Speed = Distance / Time
Scalar, it does not consider direction
Measured in m/s

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20
Q

Define velocity, is it scalar or vector? How do you know? What is it measured in

A

The rate of change of displacement with reference to direction
Vector, it considers direction eg a car travels at 30 mph in an easterly direction
Measured in m/s

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21
Q

Define acceleration and deceleration, are they scalar or vector? How do you know? What is it measured in

A

The rate of change of velocity
Acceleration = velocity increases/positive acceleration Deceleration = velocity decreases/negative acceleration
Vector, acceleration and deceleration involves velocity which involves direction
Measured in m/s²

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22
Q

Define momentum and give its equation, is it scalar or vector? How do you know? What is it measured in

A

The product of mass and velocity of an object, it is the amount of motion a body/object possesses
Momentum = Mass x Velocity
Vector, its calculated using velocity which considers both magnitude and direction, for example a mass which is able to move at a high velocity results in a high momentum
Measured in kg⋅m/s

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23
Q

Define centre of mass

A

The point of concentration of mass/balance of a body
Centre of mass constantly changes as we move

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24
Q

Where is the centre of mass usually situated

A

At the hips

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25
How does the centre of mass differ for males and females? Why?
Male centre of mass is generally higher than females This is because males have more mass in their upper body, generally concentrated around their shoulders
26
How can centre of mass change as we move? Why is this important
Raising your arms above your head raises your centre of mass This allows your body to remain balanced
27
What are the 4 factors affecting stability
Height of centre of mass Mass of performer Area of support base Position of the line of gravity
28
How can the height of the centre of mass affect the stability of a performer
The lower the COM the higher the level of stability
29
How can the mass of the performer affect the stability of a performer
The greater the mass, the more stability
30
How can the area of base of support affect the stability of a performer
The more contact points with the floor, the more stability the performer will have
31
How can the position of line of gravity affect the stability of a performer
If the line of gravity is central over the base of support, the stability is increased
32
What force is bigger for a movement like long jump? How is this shown on a vector diagram
Shown with a large horizontal force and a small vertical force Resultant force has a low trajectory of below 45 degrees
33
What force is bigger for a movement like high jump? How is this shown on a vector diagram
Shown with a large vertical force and a small horizontal force Resultant force has a high trajectory and is closer to vertical
34
What do distance time graphs show
Distance travelled over a period of time
35
What is on the y axis for a distance time graph
Distance
36
What is on the x axis for a distance time graph
Time
37
What happens on a DT graph when a performer is stationary
A horizontal line
38
What happens on a DT graph when a performer is moving at a constant speed
A straight line, which goes up linearly at a constant rate
39
What happens on a DT graph when a performer is accelerating
A curve gradually gets steeper
40
What happens on a DT graph when a performer is decelerating
A curve levels off and becomes a straight line
41
What is happening when a line on a DT graph is horizontal
Performer is stationary
42
What is happening when a line on a DT graph is going up at a constant rate, linearly
The performer is moving at a constant rate
43
What is happening when a curve on a DT graph is getting steeper
The performer is accelerating
44
What is happening when a curve on DT a graph is levelling off
The performer is decellerating
45
What do velocity time graphs show
The velocity of a performer/object
46
What happens on a VT graph when a performer is moving at a constant velocity
Horizontal line
47
What happens on a VT graph when a performer is accelerating
A straight line with positive correlation
48
What happens on a VT graph when a performer is decelerating
A straight line with negative correlation
49
What happens on a VT graph when a performer changes direction
The curve goes below the X axis
50
What is happening when a line on a VT graph is horizontal
The performer is moving at a constant velocity
51
What is happening when a line on a VT graph is straight with positive correlation
Performer is accelerating
52
What is happening when a line on a VT graph is straight with negative correlation
Performer is decelerating
53
What is happening when a line on a VT graph curves below the X axis
The performer is changing direction
54
When does conservation of momentum occur? What cannot be conserved when this happens
When a performer or object is in flight, when it is in flight neither mass nor velocity can be conserved
55
What can/can't happen to mass and velocity during the conservation of momentum
Mass remains constant and cannot be changed Velocity can only be altered by external forces such as gravity and air resistance
56
Define internal force
Force generated by the skeletal muscle
57
Give an example of internal force
During a dunk in basketball, the force is generated by the gastrocnemius, quads and gluteals that concentrically contract to plantarflex the ankle and extend the knee and hip to help the performer jump
58
Define external force
Force which comes from outside the body
59
Give an example of external force
Friction, air resistance and weight
60
What can external forces be categorised as
Vertical and horizonal forces
61
What forces are external, vertical forces
Gravity/weight and reaction forces
62
What forces are external, horizontal forces
Friction and air resistance
63
What is the correlation between weight and mass
The greater the mass, the greater the weight pulling it down
64
What is weight
The gravitational force hat the earth exerts on a body, pulling it down
65
What is a reaction force
The force generated after another force acts on a performer during linear motion
66
Which of Newton's laws does reaction force link to
Newton's 3rd law - for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
67
When is there always a reaction force? Give an example
When 2 bodies are in contact with each other During a rugby conversion kick, there is a reaction force at each point of contact, one being between the foot and the ball. This generates a muscular force (action) which causes the ball to accelerate in the direction that the force was applied
68
What is a ground reaction force? Example of rugby conversion kick
A force that is equal and opposite is applied by the ground to the players foot etc For example, when a rugby player takes a conversion kick, at the same time as the force between the ball and the foot, a force is being applied by the ground to the foot. This is also the same for the players other foot on the ground
69
Define friction
Something that opposes motion. Occurring when 2 or more bodies are in contact
70
What are the 2 types of friction
Static and sliding
71
What is static friction
Force exerted when there is no motion between 2 surfaces A force that keeps an object at rest
72
What does static friction act between
This is dry friction which acts between 2 surfaces that are not moving
73
What is sliding friction
When 2 bodies in contact have a tendency to slip over each other
74
What does sliding friction act between
Friction acts opposite to the motion Cry friction occurs between 2 surfaces that are moving relative to each other
75
What direction is slippage for a runner? How does this affect the friction arrow
Slippage is backwards so the friction arrow points forwards
76
What direction is slippage for a skiier? How does this affect the friction arrow
Slippage is forwards and always in contact with the floor so the friction arrow points backwards
77
What are the factors affecting friction
Roughness of a surface Mass of an object Temperature of the 2 surfaces
78
How does roughness of a surface affect friction
The rougher the object the greater the friction
79
How does mass of an object affect friction
The greater the mass, the greater the friction
80
How does temperature of the 2 surfaces affect friction
Increase in temperature reduces the friction
81
Define air resistance
A force that acts in the opposite direction to the motion of a body travelling through the air
82
What factors affect air resistance
Velocity of the moving body Frontal cross sectional area of a moving body Shape and surface characteristics of the moving body
83
How does velocity of the moving body affect air resistance
The faster an object moves, the more it is subject to air resistance
84
How does frontal cross sectional area of a moving body affect air resistance
The larger the cross sectional area of a moving body, the greater the effect of air resistance
85
How does shape and surface characteristics of the moving body affect air resistance
Stream lined shape and smooth surface = less air resistance
86
What is air resistance in water
Drag
87
Is drag much larger than air resistance on land? Why/why not
Drag is much larger Because water is much more dense
88
What do the length of arrows on a free body diagram show
Magnitude
89
Are forces vector or scaler
Vectors
90
What does weight vs reaction show in a free body diagram
Weight = arrow down, force drawn down from the centre of mass Reaction = arrow up, force starts where the 2 bodies are in contact
91
What does friction vs air resistance show in a free body diagram
Friction = arrow the same way as the way the body is moving, force starts from where 2 bodies are in contact and is opposite to the direction of any potential slipping Air resistance = arrow opposes the way the body is moving, a force is drawn from the centre of mass of a body opposing the direction of motion
92
What is net force? What can it be
The resultant force acting on a body when all other forces have been considered Can be balanced or unbalanced
93
Define balanced force
When there are 2 or more forces acting on a body that are equal in size but opposite in direction
94
Define unbalanced force
When a force acting in one direction is larger than the force acting in the opposite direction
95
What must be considered with net force equations
Friction and air resistance
96
What is the net force equation if friction equals air resistance
F=AR
97
What is the net force equation if friction is greater than air resistance
F>AR
98
What is the net force equation if friction is less than air resistance
F
99
What does the net force equation F=AR represent
Friction is equal to air resistance
100
What does the net force equation F>AR represent
Friction is greater than air resistance
101
What does the net force equation F
Friction is less than air resistance
102
Define impulse
The time taken for a force to be applied
103
How is impulse calculated? What are the units
Impulse = Force x Time Kg/s
104
Which of Newton's laws takes into account impulse? What is the relationship between impulse and momentum? What does this cause
Newton's 2nd law If impulse increases, so does the rate of change of momentum. This will cause a large change in velocity
105
Describe how to use impulse to increase speed
Increase the amount of internal muscular force applied Increase the amount of time in which the force is applied - eg hammer throwers spin 3-4 times in a circle to gain power
106
Describe how to use impulse to decrease speed
Increase the time that the force acts on the body/object Eg. absorbing landing in gymnastics or pushing feet into the ground at the end of a 60m sprint
107
Define net impulse
A combination of positive and negative impulse
108
What will the net impulse look like at the start of a race? What does this mean will happen to the performer
There will be a small negative impulse and a large positive impulse. This means that the positive impulse will outweigh the negative impulse so the performer will accelerate
109
What will the net impulse look like in the middle of a race? What does this mean will happen to the performer
The positive and negative impulses are equal. This means there is no acceleration or deceleration so the performer is running at a constant velocity
110
What will the net impulse look like at the end of a race? What does this mean will happen to the performer
There is a large negative impulse and a small positive impulse. This means that the negative outweighs the positive impulse so the performer will decelerate
111
What is footfall? How does it happen
As the foot lands, muscles contract and a force is applied to the ground (action force) The ground then creates a reaction force on the force which allows acceleration When the foot is in contact with the ground, this is called footfall
112
What type of force causes linear motion
Concentric force

Excercise Physiology - Physical Education (15 decks)

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