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PRAXIS ESL > Linguistics > Flashcards

Linguistics Flashcards

1
Q

This term refers to the scientific study of language.

A

Linguistics

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2
Q

This term refers to the study of the production of sounds in speech.

A

Phonetics

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3
Q

This term refers to the student of sounds and patterns in particular languages.

A

Phonology

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4
Q

This term refers to the way the voice rises and falls in speech.

A

Intonation

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5
Q

This term refers to the emphasis placed on syllables or words.

A

Stress

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6
Q

This term refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

A

Morpheme

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7
Q

This term refers to the study of how morphemes are combined to make words.

A

Morphology

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8
Q

This term refers to how words are constructed into phrases or sentences.

A

Syntax

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9
Q

This term refers to the study of the meaning of language.

A

Semantics

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10
Q

This term refers to the best known transcription system used by linguists.

A

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

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11
Q

This term refers to sounds that are made by vibrating the vocal chords.

A

Voiced

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12
Q

This term refers to sounds that are made without vibrating the vocal chords.

A

Voiceless

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13
Q

Is the /p/ sound voiced or voiceless?

A

Voiceless

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14
Q

Is the /b/ sound voiced or voiceless?

A

Voiced

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15
Q

Is the /z/ sound voiced or voiceless?

A

Voiced

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16
Q

Is the /s/ sound voiced or voiceless?

A

Voiceless

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17
Q

This term refers to the location in which a sound is made.

A

Place of Articulation

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18
Q

Place of Articulation: The point of maximum constriction is made by the coming together of the two lips.

A

Bilabial

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19
Q

Place of Articulation: The lower lip articulates with the upper teeth.

A

Labiodental

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20
Q

Place of Articulation: The tip of the tongue articulates with the back or bottom of the top teeth.

A

Dental

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21
Q

Place of Articulation: The tip or the blade of the tongue articulates with the forward part of the alveolar ridge. A sound made with the tip of the tongue here is an apico-alveolar sound; one made with the blade, a lamino-alveolar.

A

Alveolar

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22
Q

Place of Articulation: The tip or the blade of the tongue articulates with the back area of the alveolar ridge.

A

Postalveolar

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23
Q

Place of Articulation: The tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.

A

Retroflex

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24
Q

Place of Articulation: The front of the tongue articulates with the domed part of the hard palate.

A

Palatal

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25
Q

Place of Articulation: The back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate.

A

Velar

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26
Q

Place of Articulation: The back of the tongue articulates with the very back of the soft palate, including the uvula.

A

Uvular

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27
Q

Place of Articulation: The pharynx is constricted by the faucal pillars moving together (lateral compression) and, possibly, by the larynx being raised. “It is largely a sphincteric semi-closure of the oro-pharynx, and it can be learned by tickling the back of the throat, provoking retching”

A

Pharyngeal

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28
Q

Place of Articulation: The vocal folds are brought together; in some cases, the function of the vocal folds can be part of articulation as well as phonation, as in the case of [ʔ] and [h] in many languages.

A

Glottal

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29
Q

This term refers to sounds/words which require air to move through the nose when making the sound.

A

Nasalization

/n/

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30
Q

This term refers to the sounds/words which require a burst of air out of the mouth.

A

Aspiration

/h/ in “hope”

31
Q

This term refers to when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds.

A

Assimilation

32
Q

This term refers to a sound made when on vowel sound blends into another vowel sound in one syllable.

A

Diphthongs

33
Q

Why do diphthongs pose a challenge for nonnative speakers?

A

Diphthongs add to the list of vowel sounds that must be learned.

34
Q

This term refers to groups of two or more consonants.

A

Consonant Clusters

35
Q

Why do consonant clusters pose a challenge for nonnative speakers?

A

ELLs must not only know individual letters, but they must learn unique sounds by pairs.

36
Q

This term refers to the insertion of an additional sound in the middle of the word

A

Epenthisis

37
Q

This term refers to when a voiceless consonant changes to a voiced consonant because of nearby sounds.

A

Voicing

38
Q

This term refers to when sounds are omitted from the pronunciation of a word, usually because the omission makes the words easier to use in everyday speech.

A

Elision

39
Q

This term refers to when sounds are rearranged in a word.

A

Metathesis

40
Q

This term refers to the way the voice rises and falls in speech; related to pitch.

A

Intonation

41
Q

This term refers to the emphasis placed on particular syllables or words; related to rhythm.

A

Stress

42
Q

This term refers to the shortening or diminishing of a vowel sound, occurs with many unstressed vowels in English.

A

Vowel Reduction

43
Q

How many morphemes are in the word “player”

A

2 morphemes

/play/ /er/

44
Q

This term refers to a morpheme that mist be attached to a word to have meaning.

A

Bound Morpheme

45
Q

This term refers to a morpheme that can stand on its own.

A

Free Morpheme

46
Q

Identify the bound and free morphemes in the word “player”

A 
/play/ = free morpheme
/er/ = bound morpheme
47
Q

This term refers to the base of a word, often a free morpheme, to which other morphemes can be added.

A

Stem/Root

48
Q

This term refers to the bound morpheme that is added to a root to change its meaning, grammatical function, tense, case, or gender.

A

Affix

49
Q

What are the two types of affixes?

A

Prefix and Suffix

50
Q

This term refers to bound morphemes that do not greatly alter the meaning or part of speech of a word.

A

Inflectional Morphemes

51
Q

This term refers to bound morphemes that create a new meaning of part of speech when added to a word.

A

Derivational Morphemes

52
Q

This theorist is of particular importance in regards to the linguistic study of syntax and theory of transformational grammar which moved the focus away from semiotics and meaning, toward the system of rules that dictate proper sentence construction.

A

Noam Chomsky

53
Q

This term refers to the emotional association of a word.

A

Connotation

54
Q

This term refers to the dictionary definition of a word.

A

Denotation

55
Q

This term refers to when Language Learners incorrectly apply the rules of their native language to the rules of the language they are learning.

A

Interference or Negative Transfer

56
Q

Explain the Common Interference Example in Native Spanish Speakers:
Incorrect: “I won one prize!”
Correct: “I won a prize!”

A

The Spanish language does not distinguish between the indefinite article (uno/a) and the number one (uno)

57
Q

Explain the Common Interference Example in Native Spanish Speakers:
Incorrect: “I was exhausted after the long day in the sun; he was bright and hot today.”
Correct: “I was exhausted after the long day in the sun; it was bright and hot today.”

A

In Spanish, nouns take genders, but in English they do not; “sol” in Spanish is a masculine noun, so the student incorrectly inserted a masculine pronoun.

58
Q

Explain the Common Interference Example in Native Spanish Speakers:
Incorrect: “Don’t know.”
Correct: “I don’t know.”

A

The Spanish language allows speakers to drop subject pronouns when they are unnecessary; in English, this is less common and usually is not considered grammatically correct.

59
Q

Explain the Common Interference Example in Native Spanish Speakers:
Incorrect: “My mom made wonderfuls cookies for the bake sale.”
Correct: “My mom made wonderful cookies for the bake sale.”

A

In Spanish, adjectives and articles must agree in number with the noun they are modifying; in English, plurality is implied only by the noun.

60
Q

Explain the Common Interference Example in Native Spanish Speakers:
Incorrect: “Have seen you my sunglasses?”
Correct: “Have you seen my sunglasses?”

A

The construction of questions is different in Spanish and English; while the verb preceded the subject in Spanish, the reverse is usually true in English.

61
Q

This term refers to cognates that appear to be the same word, but are not.

A

False Friend

Ex: “Gift” in German means “poison”

62
Q

This term refers to the field that goes beyond the concept of semantics to examine meaning in context; focus on utterances

A

Pragmatics

63
Q

This term refers to speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are surrounded on both sides by silence.

A

Utterances

Ex: Saying “really?” to an extremely late friend

64
Q

This term refers to the study of language and its relation to society and culture, is significant because of its influence on language policy.

A

Sociolinguistics

65
Q

This term refers to the set of actions a government takes to regulate what language(s) is/are spoken in the given country.

A

Language Policy

66
Q

This term refers to the development of certain language when people of two or ore language groups need to communicate

A

Pidgin Language

67
Q

This term refers to being able to speak a language both appropriately in social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure.

A

Communicative Competence

68
Q

This term refers to one’s knowledge of the linguistic components of a language such as morphology, syntax, and semantics.

A

Linguistic Competence

69
Q

This term refers to using language in a socially appropriate way and understanding register.

A

Sociolinguistic Competence

70
Q

This term refers to the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language like phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles.

A

Discourse Competence

71
Q

This term refers to the ability to recognize and repair breakdowns in communication through strategic planning and/or redirecting.

A

Strategic Competence

72
Q

This term refers to the degrees of formality, differences in setting, considerations of context, and so on.

A

Register

73
Q

This term refers to the social skills students use in everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside of school; students may develop quickly because they are context driven but do not rely heavily on formalized rules.

A

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

74
Q

This term refers to the language needed for academic work and study; usually takes students longer to learn; includes understanding both the formal language of academics and the vocabulary of critical thinking and problem-solving.

A

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)

PRAXIS ESL (3 decks)

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