Instruction

Question 1

In this method of instructional theory, language instruction is based on the principle that second language should be acquired in much the same way as first languages

Answer 1

Direct Method (or Natural Method)

Question 2

How does the Direct Method Instructional Theory develop oral language?

Answer 2

Oral language skills are emphasized, but students are not required to speak; instead, teachers provide students with materials in the target language and permit them to take their time acclimating to the new language to create a stress-free learning environment; belief that students will produce comprehensible output when ready

Question 3

How do students learn grammar through the Direct Method?

Answer 3

Induction - they figure our the rules of the language as they acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial and error

Question 4

What is the focus of the Direct Method?

Answer 4

The focus is never on the grammatical structure; instead, the key objective is to create a wide vocabulary base with the understanding that grammar and syntax will be learned predominantly through induction and practice.

Question 5

How is learning materials presented in the Direct Method of Instructional Theory?

Answer 5

L1 is never used, and translations are not provided. Learning materials is often presented first with pictures, actions, or other visual cues to aid students in making connections between the target language and their prior knowledge.

Question 6

What are the major weaknesses presented with the Direct Method?

Answer 6

The Direct Method functions under the assumption that students can learn a second language in the same way that they learned their first - which is rarely true

Question 7

This method of language instruction was originally intended to assist students in reading and translating of foreign language literature; teaching in native language while focusing on grammatical rules of target language students will be able to recognize similarities

Answer 7

Grammar-Translation Method

Question 8

What activities are emphasized in the Grammar-Translation Method?

Answer 8

Activities that allow students to develop strengths in reading and writing believed to aid students in achieving greater accuracy in their use of the target language

Question 9

According to the Grammar-Translation Method proponents, why should the focus be on increasing reading skills?

Answer 9

The development of reading skills increases students’ vocabularies, thus allowing for greater understanding of figures of speech and idiomatic expressions, enhancement of interpretation abilities, and allowing students to produce strong written work in the target language

Question 10

What is a weakness to the Grammar-Translation Method?

Answer 10

It is argued that students who learn this way develop only limited speaking skills

Question 11

This method of language instruction is an oral-based approach developed by linguists and behavioral psychologists; teaches target language through repetition to emphasize grammatical structural patterns and vocabulary; focus on key phrases and significant dialogue that are considered most useful

Answer 11

Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)

Question 12

How are students encouraged through the Audio-Lingual Method?

Answer 12

Students are rewarded for correct responses, and incorrect responses are disregarded; through purposeful rewards, students learn the necessary components of successful interaction.

Question 13

This method of language instruction is a combination of several methods and is based on the notion that successful language acquisition comes from the need to communicate real meaning

Answer 13

Communicative Approach

Question 14

This methodology housed under the communicative approach focuses on students’ abilities to communicate through interaction in the target language; authentic texts, realistic scenarios, personal experiences

Answer 14

Communicative Language Approach (CLT)

Question 15

This term refers to a person’s knowledge of grammar and syntax, as well as the ability to interpret and execute appropriate social behaviors and conversational elements such as idiomatic expressions and cultural slang

Answer 15

Communicative Competence

Question 16

In this methodology housed under the communicative approach, lessons are designed around the completion of tasks that are either assigned by instructors or selected by students; allow student input in own learning, emphasize the application of real-life skills

Answer 16

Task-based Instruction (TBI)

Question 17

This method of language instruction provides students, particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by listening to and following spoken commands; instructor model commands and repeat them as students carry out using facial expressions and gestures

Answer 17

Total Physical Response (TPR)

Question 18

This method of language instruction is based on the idea that language learning should be much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons to promote student participation and experimentation; focus on specific goals; repetition and memorization avoided

Answer 18

The Silent Way

Question 19

Manipulatives are very important in this method of language instruction; tools such as Cuisenaire rods, Fidel charts, and sound-color charts are used

Answer 19

The Silent Way

Question 20

This tool used in language instruction is a set of different colored rods of different lengths that can be manipulated to demonstrate prepositional relationships, make comparisons, represent objects, and even form models

Answer 20

Cuisenaire Rods

Question 21

This tool is used to as displays of English words, arranged according to their sounds; students interact with these materials to produce comparisons and expand their knowledge of vocabulary

Answer 21

Fidel Charts

Question 22

This ESOL program is intended to maximize the time ELLs spend in general education content classrooms. Teachers travel to content classroom to provide supplemental help

Answer 22

Push-In

Question 23

The Push-in ESOL program utilizes what kind of teaching strategies?

Answer 23

Co-Planning
Team-Teaching
Small-Group Instruction
One-on-One Instruction

Question 24

In this ESOL program, ESL teachers take small groups of students from content classes for a limited portion of the school day; ELLs will receive specialized instruction, focusing on vocabulary and grammar objectives; most effective for elementary or for low level students who need to develop basic skills quickly

Answer 24

Pull-Out

Question 25

This ESOL program provides ELLs with quick access to appropriate, grade-level content while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction; do not attend mainstream classes but do learn the same content

Answer 25

Sheltered Instruction

Question 26

What are the eight components of the SIOP Model?

Answer 26

Lesson Preparation
Building Background
Comprehensible Input
Learning Strategies
Interaction
Practice and Application
Lesson Delivery
Review and Assessment

Question 27

All lessons should contain what two objectives?

Answer 27

Content Objectives and Language Objectives

Question 28

What are the 6 types of cognitive strategies used to aid students in learning?

Answer 28

Comprehension 
Writing
Problem-Solving
Reasoning
Self-Regulation
Metacognitive

Question 29

This type of cognitive strategy helps students process and retain content; usually broken up into the subcategories of monitoring, using text structures, summarizing, elaborating, and explaining

Answer 29

Comprehension Strategies

Question 30

This type of cognitive strategy helps students complete unstructured tasks by emphasizing the importance of planning in order to conceive and organize ideas

Answer 30

Writing Strategies

Question 31

This type of cognitive strategy helps students see ways in which they can achieve a specific goal

Answer 31

Problem-Solving Strategies

Question 32

This type of cognitive strategy helps students determine what they believe to be true or false, correct or incorrect; helps the creation of arguments and counterarguments

Answer 32

Reasoning Strategies

Question 33

This type of cognitive strategy helps students monitor their behaviors

Answer 33

Self-Regulation Strategies

Question 34

This type of cognitive strategy helps think about their own thinking; analyze their knowledge to plan, monitor, evaluate, and revise thinking

Answer 34

Metacognitive Strategies

Question 35

What are the 6 metacognitive strategies that can lead to increase in student learning?

Answer 35

Identify what is known and not
Plan
Keep a thought journal
Talk about thinking
Self-Evaluate
Debrief

Question 36

What are 4 strategies used to activate student prior knowledge?

Answer 36

Introduce vocab before content
Use graphic organizers, outlines, and diagrams
Brainstorm ideas about topic/content
Ask questions about content/topic and things related to it

Question 37

This term refers to the set of skills that focus on the aspects of language that are governed by rules such as phonics, grammar, and syntax; taught through direct instruction; focused exercises alongside conversational abilities

Answer 37

Discrete Language Skills

Question 38

This term refers to the set of skills that focus on the capabilities that allow students to practice and apply their knowledge of different elements of language simultaneously; two elements of content-based language instruction and task-based instruction

Answer 38

Integrated Language Skills