Linguistics - POS Flashcards

Question

What are the most common types of adverbs?

Answer 1

(Always check to see if it is actually an adverb): almost, already, always, here, now, often, particularly, probably, quite, sometimes, then, today, usually, very, yesterday “Wh” words: Why/ where/ how /when are also adverbs.

Answer 2

1. Time – tells us when something happens (yesterday, early) e.g. I never get up early at the weekend 2. Place – tells us where something happens (everywhere, nearby) e.g. There was somebody standing nearby 3. Manner – tells us the way something happens (carefully, slowly, well) e.g. She carefully cut out the shape 4. Degree – tells us the extent of something (totally, very, rather) e.g. It’s rather hot 5. Frequency – tells us the likelihood of something happening (often, always) e.g I’m always losing my phone 6. Duration (forever) e.g I’m forever lost on campus

Answer 3

A word that modifies nouns or nouns equivalent. They help clarify what a noun is referring to.

Answer 4

1. The, a, an (also called ‘articles’) - a word that comes before a noun to show if it's specific or general. 2. This*, these*, that*, those* (also called ‘demonstratives’) - a word that points something out in the real world 3. My, your, his*, her*, its, our, their (also called ‘possessives’) - which shows who or what something belongs to or is connected with * - can also be a pronoun ‘The’ will always be a determiner

Answer 5

Substitute something that is unambiguously pronoun or determiner – is the sentence still grammatical? Pronoun version: I like this/I like the - it doesn't work so therefore it's a pronoun Determiner version: I like this book/I like the book - it does work so therefore it's a determiner

Answer 6

A pronoun is a word that can be substituted for another word, or for a group of words.

Answer 7

Unlikely a new word will enter the language that will belong to these. Determiner, preposition, auxiliary verb, pronoun, conjunction.

Answer 8

Membership is open as new words will almost always be these. Noun, full verbs, adjectives, adverbs.

Answer 9

Refer to the relationship between things in space, time or direction. Most commonly followed by a noun phrase or pronoun. Closed set class - islands of reliability.

Answer 10

1. Suffixation evidence - listed in table 5.1 (p.59/60) 2. Suffixation apostrophe evidence - Julie's 3. Plural evidence 4. Distribution evidence - determiners, prepositions and adjectives frequently come before nouns 5. A noun can be an appropriate answer to a one-word question e.g. Who did this? John 6. Names of people and places

Answer 11

1. Substitution evidence - replace with individual/group of words 2. Anaphora/anaphoric reference - when words reference something that has been mentioned earlier in the sentence (something that pronouns typically do) 3. Antecedent - technical term for specific word/group of words that were mentioned earlier e.g. she and Sue 4. Cataphoric reference - word in a text refers to another later in the text and you need to look forward to understand e.g. When he arrived, John noticed that the door was open.

Answer 12

1. Personal pronouns - 1st (you, e.g. I), 2nd (conversion partner e.g. you), 3rd (someone else, she) 2. Reflexive - same entity of the noun mentioned earlier on in the sentence e.g. himself 3. Possessive - e.g. That car is his 4. Interrogative pronouns - who, whom, whose, which and what 5. Relative - same form as interrogative but not in a question form - who, whom, whose, which, that e.g. There are lots of ways in which to exercise 6. Demonstrative - used to point to specific people/things e.g. these, this, these, those 7. Indefinite - doesn't refer to a specific thing e.g. everyone, everything, nothing

Answer 13

1. Suffix evidence e.g. -ify, -ise, -ize, -s (as verb never means more than one) 2. Distributional evidence - often preceded by pronouns or groups of nouns 3. Full/auxiliary verb - 'to be' - am, is, are, was, were 4. Forms am and are are sometimes contracted e.g. I'm sorry: contractible copula, or uncontracted e.g. I am sorry: uncontractible copula 5. Prepositions sometimes occur alongside full verbs to form multi word verbs such as cross out or turn on.

Answer 14

Grammatically supports full verb e.g. They HAVE arrived Can sometimes appear without full verb but not common e.g. Who is crying? She IS

Answer 15

A word used to connect clauses or used to coordinate words in the same clause.

Answer 16

1. Coordinating - used to conjoin two linguistic units of the same kind - and, but, or E.g. I cried and cried and cried - three verbs 2. Subordinating - used when one unit is more important than the other E.g. Rosa Parks was arrested because she would not give her seat up on the bus - implies 'Rosa Parks was arrested' was the main part - Subordinating conjunction can appear first in a sentence e.g. BECAUSE Rosa Parks was arrested etc. 3. Correlative conjunctions - conjunctions used in pairs e.g. either/or: He was either honest or poor

Answer 17

1. Coordinating - and, but, or 2. Subordinating - because, after, although, before, even if, even though, if, since, so that, though, till, unless, until, while 3. Correlative - either/or: He was either honest or poor

Answer 18

Verb carried out by uttering them aloud e.g. I name you Elizabeth