Linking words Flashcards
Memorize the list of linking words. (112 cards)
1
Q
Undoubtedly
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Sem dúvida.
2
Q
Indeed
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- De fato.
3
Q
Obviously
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Obviamente
4
Q
Generally
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Geralmente
5
Q
Admittedly
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- É certo
6
Q
In fact
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Na verdade
7
Q
Particularly / in particular
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Particularmente / em particular
8
Q
Especially
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Especialmente
9
Q
Clearly
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Claramente
10
Q
Importantly
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Importante
11
Q
It should be noted
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Deve-se notar
12
Q
Above all
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Sobre tudo
13
Q
Singularly
A
Emphasis (ênfase)
- Singularmente
14
Q
And
A
Addition (adição)
- e
15
Q
In addition / additionally / an additional
A
Addition (adição)
- Além / adicionalmente / um adicional
16
Q
Furthermore
A
Addition (adição)
- Além disso
17
Q
Also
A
Addition (adição)
- Também
18
Q
Too
A
Addition (adição)
- Também
19
Q
As well as
A
Addition (adição)
- Assim como
20
Q
Not only… but also
A
Addition (adição)
- Não só… mas também
21
Q
Apart from this
A
Addition (adição)
*Além disso/ além de
**except for
**
* I can’t think of anything I need, apart from a car.
22
Q
Besides
A
Addition (adição)
- Além do mais
23
Q
Moreover
A
Addition (adição)
*Além disso
24
Q
Again
A
Addition (adição)
*De novo
25
Furthermore
Addition (adição)
*Além disso
26
Even thought
Contrast (contraste)
*Embora
27
(al) thought
Contrast (contraste)
* (tudo) pensamento
28
Despite
Contrast (contraste)
*Apesar de
29
in spite of
Contrast (contraste)
*Apesar de
30
but
Contrast (contraste)
*mas/porém/senão/embora
31
however
Contrast (contraste)
*no entanto/ porém/ entretanto/ todavia
32
nevertheless
Contrast (contraste)
*no entanto/ não obstante /contudo
33
whereas
Contrast (contraste)
*enquanto/ enquanto que
34
on the one hand / on the other hand
Contrast (contraste)
*por um lado / por outro lado
35
yet
Contrast (contraste)
*ainda/ mas/ contudo
36
rather
Contrast (contraste)
*em vez de
37
first/firstly, second/secondly, third/thirdly
Order (ordem/ordenar)
*primeiro/primeiro, segundo/segundo, terceiro/terceiro
38
Next
Order (ordem/ordenar)
*próxima(o)
39
last
Order (ordem/ordenar)
*último
40
finally
Order (ordem/ordenar)
*finalmente
41
in addition
Order (ordem/ordenar)
the process of adding numbers or amounts together
adição, soma
Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition (= calculating the total of different numbers put together) and subtraction.
Duas vezes por semana, as crianças são testadas no conhecimento básico de matemática , como adição e subtração.
42
moreover
Order (ordem/ordenar)
*além disso
(used to add information) also and more importantly
The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate.
43
further
Order (ordem/ordenar)
* avançar/ mais longe
comparative of far: to a greater distance or degree, or at a more advanced level
comparativo de "far":, mais distante,
* I never got further than the first five pages of "Ulysses".
Eu nunca fui mais além do que as cinco primeiras páginas do livro "Ulisses".
* We discussed the problem but we didn't get much further in actually solving it.
* The whole matter is further complicated by the fact that Amanda and Jo refuse to speak to each other.
* Every day she sinks further and further into depression.
44
another
Order (ordem/ordenar)
* mais um, mais uma
one more person or thing or an extra amount
* I'm going to have another piece of cake.
* "Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen?" "Another one?"
"Você me pegaria uma barra de chocolate da cozinha?" "Mais uma?"
* We can fit another person in my car.
Danny's had yet another car accident.
* For another £30 (= for £30 more) you can buy the model with a touchscreen.
* Just think, in another three months (= three months from now) it'll be summer again.
45
also
Order (ordem/ordenar)
* também
in addition
* She's a photographer and also writes books.
* I'm cold, and I'm also hungry and tired.
Eu estou com frio, e também estou com fome e cansado.
46
in conclusion
Order (ordem/ordenar)
* finalmente, em conclusão, por fim
- In conclusion, I would like to thank our guest speaker.
- In conclusion, I want to say how pleased I am to see education as our number one priority.
- So, in conclusion, I think we should not hesitate to take this opportunity.
In conclusion, Norris argued that the business was unlikely to survive.
- In conclusion, he wished us all well and asked to be remembered to the other members of our community.
Por fim, ele nos desejou tudo de bom e pediu para ser lembrado aos outros membros de nossa comunidade.
47
to summarise
Order (ordem/ordenar)
* para resumir
To express the most important facts or ideas about something or someone in a short and clear form:
- I'll just summarize the main points of the argument in a few words.
- To summarize, we believe the company cannot continue in its present form.
48
on the contrary
Order (ordem/ordenar)
*pelo contrário
Used to show that you think or feel the opposite of what has just been stated:
- "I thought you said the film was exciting?" "On the contrary, I nearly fell asleep half way through it!"
- I'm not angry with you. On the contrary!
- They do not reject modernity completely; on the contrary, they embrace the modern world.
- "Did you expect them to help you?"
- "On the contrary, I hoped they would stay away."
- I did not mean to imply that the city was an ugly or dangerous place. On the contrary, I think it is extremely pleasant.
49
instead
Order (ordem/ordenar)
* em vez de...
in place of someone or something else: There's no coffee - would you like a cup of tea instead?
50
conversely
Order (ordem/ordenar)
* por outro lado = in an opposite way
- Poor health is accepted as an attribute of normal ageing. Conversely, youth is depicted as a time of vitality and good health.
- The staff of any organisation are its best ambassadors or conversely may be its worst.
51
So
Result (resultado)
tão, então, tanto
1. used before a noun or before "not" to emphasize what is being said
1. 2. EXAMPLES
- Don't wear that - it's so last year (= it was fashionable last year but not now).
Não use isso, esta moda já passou.
I- 'm sorry, but she is so not a size 10 (= she is very much larger than a size 10).
2. used at the end of a sentence to mean to a very great degree
tanto
2. 2. EXAMPLES
- Is that why you hate him so?
É por isso que você odeia ele tanto?
- You worry so!
52
As a result
Result (resultado)
* como resultado
because of something
EXAMPLES
- Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.
- As a result of the accident, he suffered permanent brain damage.
- In future, extreme weather events are likely to be worse and more frequent as a result of climate change.
- She died last week as a result of complications from Parkinson's disease.
- It was suspected that the building had collapsed as a result of structural failure.
53
As a consequence (of)
Result (resultado)
* como consequência (de algo), consequência (de algo)
54
Therefore
Result (resultado)
* portanto
1. EXAMPLES
- We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.
Não conseguimos o financiamento e, portanto, tivemos que abandonar o projeto.
- The defendant was depressed and therefore not fully responsible for her own actions.
- We are a moral, ethical people and therefore we do not approve of their activities.
- Doctors are short of time to listen and therefore tend to prescribe drugs whenever they can.
- The children will be walking to the cathedral and therefore will need to wear suitable footwear and a sun hat or raincoat, depending on the weather.
- Several members have not replied for over three years and their names have therefore been removed from the mailing list.
55
Thus
Result (resultado)
* por isso, desta maneira, assim, deste modo, assim, portanto
1. in this way
desta maneira, assim
- Bend from the waist, thus.
2. with this result
deste modo, assim, portanto
- They planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs.
3. EXAMPLES
- The publishers claim that the book constitutes 'the first sequential exposition of events and thus of the history of the revolution'.
- Thus the Romans left Britain.
- Exercise made us more hungry and thus our food supplies ran out.
- Fold the sheets thus.
56
Consequently
Result (resultado)
* consequentemente
1. EXAMPLES
- I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat by the end of the holiday.
Eu gastei a maior parte do meu dinheiro na primeira semana e consequentemente, tinha muito pouco para comer até o final do feriado.
- All the shops were closed, and consequently we couldn't buy any food.
- Doctors are short of time to listen and consequently tend to prescribe drugs whenever they can.
- There is inadequate childcare provision and consequently many women who wish to work are unable to do so.
- The company is trying to reduce its costs; consequently, staff who leave are not being replaced.
- His explanation was full of technical jargon. Consequently, nobody understood it at all!
- She is always bad-tempered, and consequently doesn't have many friends.
57
Hence
Result (resultado)
Portanto, por isso
1. EXAMPLE
- His mother was Italian, hence his name - Luca.
A sua mãe era italiana, daí o seu nome - Luca.
58
Due to
Result (resultado)
*devido a
- His success was due to hard work.
59
Similarly
COMPARISON (comparação)
* semelhantemente, do mesmo modo
1. EXAMPLE
- The children were similarly dressed.
- Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles have to stop too.
Os carros devem parar nos semáforos vermelhos: da mesma forma que as bicicletas.
60
Likewise
COMPARISON (comparação)
*igualmente
EXAMPLES
- Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.
- informal "I don't have time to spend hours preparing one dish!" "Likewise (= it's the same for me)."
61
Also
COMPARISON (comparação)
in addition
* também
EXAMPLES
- She's a photographer and also writes books.
- I'm cold, and I'm also hungry and tired.
Eu estou com frio, e também estou com fome e cansado.
62
Like
COMPARISON (comparação)
*como
similar to; in the same way or manner as
EXAMPLES
- He looks like his brother.
- She's very much like her mother (= she is similar in appearance or character).
- Is Japanese food like Chinese?
- I've got a sweater just like that.
- Her hair was so soft it was like silk.
- You're acting like a complete idiot!
- She sings like an angel!
- Like I said (= as I have already said), I don't wear perfume.
- Like most people (= as most people would), I'd prefer to have enough money not to work.
- It feels/seems like (= it seems to me) ages since we last spoke.
- There's nothing like a good cup of coffee (= it's better than anything)!
63
Just as
COMPARISON (comparação)
*assim como
64
Just like
COMPARISON (comparação)
*assim como
65
Similar to
COMPARISON (comparação)
*igual a
66
Same as
COMPARISON (comparação)
*igual a
67
Compare
COMPARISON (comparação)
to examine or look for the difference between two or more things
* comparar
- If you compare house prices in the two areas, it's quite amazing how different they are.
Se você comparar os preços das casas nas duas áreas, é incrível quão diferentes eles são.
- That seems expensive - have you compared prices in other shops?
- Compare some recent work with your older stuff and you'll see how much you've improved.
- This road is quite busy compared to/with ours.
- Children seem to learn more interesting things compared to/with when we were at school.
68
Compared to/ with
COMPARISON (comparação)
to examine or look for the difference between two or more things
* compared to = comparado com
to say that someone or something is similar to someone or something else:
- Some people have compared him to Elvis.
* compared with = to examine the ways i
n which two people or things are different or similar:
- The teachers are always comparing me with/to my sister.
69
For example
ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
something that is typical of the group of things that you are talking about:
* POR EXEMPLO
1. EXEMPLES
- This is a good example of medieval Chinese architecture.
- Dan's a classic example of a child who's clever but lazy.
- Let's look at an example of what he means.
- Can you give an example?
- This is another example of a successful company.
- There are a range of jobs that are fun and my job is a perfect example.
70
For instance
ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
*POR EXEMPLO
- Some birds, penguins for instance, cannot fly at all.
71
That is (ie)
ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
* ISSO É (OU SEJA)
72
Such as
ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
used before a noun or noun phrase to add emphasis
*TÃO
- That's such a good film.
É um filme tão bom.
- It seems like such a long way to drive for just one day.
- You're such an idiot!
- Such cruelty really is beyond my comprehension.
- It was such a small room that the bed only just fit.
73
Namely
ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have just said
* A SABER
- We need to get more teachers into the classrooms where they're most needed, namely in high poverty areas.
- I learned an important lesson when I lost my job, namely that nothing is a hundred percent guaranteed.
74
For one things
ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
* POR UMA COISA
75
As an illustration
ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
* COMO UMA ILUSTRAÇÃO
76
In this case
ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
*NESSE CASO
77
As a result
SUMMARY (resumo)
*COMO RESULTADO
78
As a consequence
SUMMARY (resumo)
*COMO CONSEQUÊNCIA
79
Therefore
SUMMARY (resumo)
*POR TANTO, POR ISSO
80
Thus
SUMMARY (resumo)
* desta maneira, assim, deste modo, portanto
81
Consequently
SUMMARY (resumo)
*consequentemente
82
Hence
SUMMARY (resumo)
*POR ISSO
83
Due to
SUMMARY (resumo)
* devido a
- His success was due to hard work.
84
After all
SUMMARY (resumo)
1. despite earlier problems or doubts
*AFINAL
- The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all.
A chuva parou, então o jogo vai acontecer afinal.
2. used to add information that shows that what you have just said is true
*AFINAL
- I do like her - after all, she is my sister.
Eu gosto dela. Afinal, ela é minha irmã.
85
All in all
SUMMARY (resumo)
*AFINAL
- We haven’t done badly, all in all.
86
All things considered
SUMMARY (resumo)
* todas as coisas consideradas
Someone might say that something is good all things considered to mean it was generally good although the situation was not perfect:
EXAMPLE
I think the party was great, all things considered - I mean we didn't have much time to get ready, but it still went well.
87
by and large
SUMMARY (resumo)
*em geral
when everything about a situation is considered together:
EXAMPLE
There are a few small things that I don't like about my job, but by and large it's very enjoyable.
88
in any case
SUMMARY (resumo)
*de qualquer maneira
EXAMPLE
I think I locked the door, but I’d better check in any case.
89
in brief
SUMMARY (resumo)
in a few words
*EM RESUMO
EXAMPLES
- In brief, we have been successful.
- Here’s today’s news in brief.
90
for
REASON (razão)
having the purpose of
*PARA
EXAMPLES
- There's a sign there saying "boats for hire".
- This pool is for the use of hotel guests only.
- I'm sorry, the books are not for sale.
- They've invited us for dinner on Saturday.
- Everyone in the office is contributing money for his leaving present.
- I need some money for tonight.
-Which vitamins should you take for (= in order to cure) skin problems?
- Put those clothes in a pile for washing (= so that they can be washed).
91
because
REASON (razão)
1. porque
- "Why did you do it?" "Because Carlos told me to".
- We can't go to Julia's party because we're going away that weekend.
Nós não podemos ir à festa da Julia porque vamos estar fora naquele fim de semana.
- Just because I'm lending you my dress for tonight doesn't mean you can borrow it whenever you want to.
- (informal) Where've you been, because (= the reason I am asking is that) we haven't seen you recently?
2. indicates a reason for sth
* porque
* por causa de
- I called because I wanted to talk to your dad.
Liguei porque queria falar com seu pai.
- They had to leave because of the storm.
Eles tiveram que ir embora por causa da tempestade.
92
Since
REASON (razão)
because; as
*JÁ QUE
- Since we've got a few minutes to wait for the train, let's have a cup of coffee.
Já que temos alguns minutos para esperar pelo trem, vamos tomar um café.
93
As
REASON (razão)
* PORQUE, COMO
EXAMPLES:
- As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.
Como estava ficando tarde, eu decidi me hospedar em um hotel.
- You can go first as you're the oldest.
94
Because of
REASON (razão)
1. as a result of
*POR CAUSA DE
- The flight was delayed because of bad weather.
O voo atrasou por causa do mau tempo.
2. on account of
* por causa de
- I can’t walk because of my broken leg.
95
With this in mind
REASON (razão)
* Com isso em mente
96
In fact
REASON (razão)
*na verdade...
97
However
CONCESSION (concessão)
despite this
*ENTRETANTO
EXAMPLES:
- This is one possible solution to the problem. However, there are others.
Esta é uma possível solução para o problema. Entretanto, há outros.
- There may, however, be other reasons that we don't know about.
98
On the other hand
CONCESSION (concessão)
used when you are comparing two different facts or two opposite ways of thinking about a situation
* por um lado... por um outro lado...
- On the one hand I'd like a job that pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I'm doing at the moment.
Por um lado eu gostaria de um trabalho que me pagasse mais, mas por outro lado eu gosto do trabalho que estou fazendo agora.
99
Nevertheless
CONCESSION (concessão)
* no entanto, todavia
100
Nonetheless
CONCESSION (concessão)
*apesar de tudo, no entanto
101
still
CONCESSION (concessão)
despite that
* AINDA ASSIM
EXAMPLES:
- You may not approve of what he did, but he's still your brother.
Você pode não aprovar o que ele fez, mas ele ainda assim é o seu irmão.
- I know you don't like her, but you still don't have to be so rude to her.
- Even though she doesn't really have the time, she still offered to help.
102
Although / even though
CONCESSION (concessão)
* EMBORA, APESAR DE
103
Though
CONCESSION (concessão)
*NO ENTANTO
104
But
CONCESSION (concessão)
*MAS
105
Yet
CONCESSION (concessão)
*AINDA, MAS, CONTUDO
106
Despite / in spite of
CONCESSION (concessão)
*APESAR DE
107
In contrast (of) / in comparison
CONCESSION (concessão)
* Em contraste (de) / em comparação
108
on the contrary
CONCESSION (concessão)
*pelo contrário
‘Are you busy?’ ‘No, on the contrary, I’m not doing anything at the moment.’.
109
If
CONDITION (condição)
*SE
used to mean "if it is true that"
EXAMPLES
- I'm very sorry if I've offended you.
Eu sinto muito se te ofendi.
- You'll feel cold if you don't wear a coat.
- You have to go to college for a lot of years if you want to be a doctor.
- Try to act confidently, even if you feel nervous.
- The TV won't work if the aerial's not connected.
- Biscuits will stay crisp if you keep them in an airtight container.
110
In that case
CONDITION (condição)
* NESSE CASO
- You’re leaving? In that case, I’m leaving too.
111
In case
CONDITION (condição)
*CASO
in order to guard against a possibility
- I’ll take an umbrella in case (it rains).
112
Unless
CONDITION (condição)
1. except if
* a não ser que
- You can't get a job unless you have experience (= you can only get a job if you have experience).
Você só pode conseguir um emprego a nāo ser que tenha experiência.
- Unless you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre (= I will see you there if you do not call to say you are not coming).
2. except if
* exceto se
* a menos que
- I’m not going unless you come with me.
Eu não vou, a menos que você vá comigo.
- Your grades will not improve unless you work harder.
Suas notas não vão melhorar, exceto se você se esforçar mais.
