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English / TOEFL > Linking words > Flashcards

Linking words Flashcards

Memorize the list of linking words.

1
Q

Undoubtedly

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Sem dúvida.
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2
Q

Indeed

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • De fato.
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3
Q

Obviously

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Obviamente
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4
Q

Generally

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Geralmente
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5
Q

Admittedly

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • É certo
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6
Q

In fact

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Na verdade
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7
Q

Particularly / in particular

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Particularmente / em particular
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8
Q

Especially

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Especialmente
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9
Q

Clearly

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Claramente
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10
Q

Importantly

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Importante
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11
Q

It should be noted

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Deve-se notar
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12
Q

Above all

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Sobre tudo
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13
Q

Singularly

A

Emphasis (ênfase)

  • Singularmente
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14
Q

And

A

Addition (adição)

  • e
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15
Q

In addition / additionally / an additional

A

Addition (adição)

  • Além / adicionalmente / um adicional
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16
Q

Furthermore

A

Addition (adição)

  • Além disso
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17
Q

Also

A

Addition (adição)

  • Também
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18
Q

Too

A

Addition (adição)

  • Também
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19
Q

As well as

A

Addition (adição)

  • Assim como
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20
Q

Not only… but also

A

Addition (adição)

  • Não só… mas também
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21
Q

Apart from this

A

Addition (adição)

*Além disso/ além de

**except for
**
* I can’t think of anything I need, apart from a car.

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22
Q

Besides

A

Addition (adição)

  • Além do mais
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23
Q

Moreover

A

Addition (adição)

*Além disso

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24
Q

Again

A

Addition (adição)

*De novo

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25
Q

Furthermore

A

Addition (adição)

*Além disso

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26
Q

Even thought

A

Contrast (contraste)

*Embora

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27
Q

(al) thought

A

Contrast (contraste)

  • (tudo) pensamento
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28
Q

Despite

A

Contrast (contraste)

*Apesar de

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29
Q

in spite of

A

Contrast (contraste)

*Apesar de

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30
Q

but

A

Contrast (contraste)

*mas/porém/senão/embora

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31
Q

however

A

Contrast (contraste)

*no entanto/ porém/ entretanto/ todavia

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32
Q

nevertheless

A

Contrast (contraste)

*no entanto/ não obstante /contudo

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33
Q

whereas

A

Contrast (contraste)

*enquanto/ enquanto que

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34
Q

on the one hand / on the other hand

A

Contrast (contraste)

*por um lado / por outro lado

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35
Q

yet

A

Contrast (contraste)

*ainda/ mas/ contudo

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36
Q

rather

A

Contrast (contraste)

*em vez de

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37
Q

first/firstly, second/secondly, third/thirdly

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

*primeiro/primeiro, segundo/segundo, terceiro/terceiro

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38
Q

Next

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

*próxima(o)

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39
Q

last

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

*último

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40
Q

finally

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

*finalmente

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41
Q

in addition

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

the process of adding numbers or amounts together

adição, soma

Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition (= calculating the total of different numbers put together) and subtraction.

Duas vezes por semana, as crianças são testadas no conhecimento básico de matemática , como adição e subtração.

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42
Q

moreover

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

*além disso

(used to add information) also and more importantly

The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it’s inaccurate.

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43
Q

further

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

  • avançar/ mais longe

comparative of far: to a greater distance or degree, or at a more advanced level
comparativo de “far”:, mais distante,

  • I never got further than the first five pages of “Ulysses”.
    Eu nunca fui mais além do que as cinco primeiras páginas do livro “Ulisses”.
  • We discussed the problem but we didn’t get much further in actually solving it.
  • The whole matter is further complicated by the fact that Amanda and Jo refuse to speak to each other.
  • Every day she sinks further and further into depression.
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44
Q

another

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

  • mais um, mais uma

one more person or thing or an extra amount

  • I’m going to have another piece of cake.
  • “Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen?” “Another one?”
    “Você me pegaria uma barra de chocolate da cozinha?” “Mais uma?”
  • We can fit another person in my car.
    Danny’s had yet another car accident.
  • For another £30 (= for £30 more) you can buy the model with a touchscreen.
  • Just think, in another three months (= three months from now) it’ll be summer again.
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45
Q

also

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

  • também
    in addition
  • She’s a photographer and also writes books.
  • I’m cold, and I’m also hungry and tired.
    Eu estou com frio, e também estou com fome e cansado.
46
Q

in conclusion

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

  • finalmente, em conclusão, por fim
  • In conclusion, I would like to thank our guest speaker.
  • In conclusion, I want to say how pleased I am to see education as our number one priority.
  • So, in conclusion, I think we should not hesitate to take this opportunity.
    In conclusion, Norris argued that the business was unlikely to survive.
  • In conclusion, he wished us all well and asked to be remembered to the other members of our community.
    Por fim, ele nos desejou tudo de bom e pediu para ser lembrado aos outros membros de nossa comunidade.
47
Q

to summarise

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

  • para resumir

To express the most important facts or ideas about something or someone in a short and clear form:

  • I’ll just summarize the main points of the argument in a few words.
  • To summarize, we believe the company cannot continue in its present form.
48
Q

on the contrary

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

*pelo contrário

Used to show that you think or feel the opposite of what has just been stated:

  • “I thought you said the film was exciting?” “On the contrary, I nearly fell asleep half way through it!”
  • I’m not angry with you. On the contrary!
  • They do not reject modernity completely; on the contrary, they embrace the modern world.
  • “Did you expect them to help you?”
  • “On the contrary, I hoped they would stay away.”
  • I did not mean to imply that the city was an ugly or dangerous place. On the contrary, I think it is extremely pleasant.
49
Q

instead

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

  • em vez de…

in place of someone or something else: There’s no coffee - would you like a cup of tea instead?

50
Q

conversely

A

Order (ordem/ordenar)

  • por outro lado = in an opposite way
  • Poor health is accepted as an attribute of normal ageing. Conversely, youth is depicted as a time of vitality and good health.
  • The staff of any organisation are its best ambassadors or conversely may be its worst.
51
Q

So

A

Result (resultado)

tão, então, tanto

  1. used before a noun or before “not” to emphasize what is being said
    1. EXAMPLES
  • Don’t wear that - it’s so last year (= it was fashionable last year but not now).
    Não use isso, esta moda já passou.

I- ‘m sorry, but she is so not a size 10 (= she is very much larger than a size 10).

  1. used at the end of a sentence to mean to a very great degree

tanto

    1. EXAMPLES
  • Is that why you hate him so?
    É por isso que você odeia ele tanto?
  • You worry so!
52
Q

As a result

A

Result (resultado)

  • como resultado

because of something

EXAMPLES

  • Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.
  • As a result of the accident, he suffered permanent brain damage.
  • In future, extreme weather events are likely to be worse and more frequent as a result of climate change.
  • She died last week as a result of complications from Parkinson’s disease.
  • It was suspected that the building had collapsed as a result of structural failure.
53
Q

As a consequence (of)

A

Result (resultado)

  • como consequência (de algo), consequência (de algo)
54
Q

Therefore

A

Result (resultado)

  • portanto
  1. EXAMPLES
  • We were unable to get funding and therefore had to abandon the project.

Não conseguimos o financiamento e, portanto, tivemos que abandonar o projeto.

  • The defendant was depressed and therefore not fully responsible for her own actions.
  • We are a moral, ethical people and therefore we do not approve of their activities.
  • Doctors are short of time to listen and therefore tend to prescribe drugs whenever they can.
  • The children will be walking to the cathedral and therefore will need to wear suitable footwear and a sun hat or raincoat, depending on the weather.
  • Several members have not replied for over three years and their names have therefore been removed from the mailing list.
55
Q

Thus

A

Result (resultado)

  • por isso, desta maneira, assim, deste modo, assim, portanto
  1. in this way
    desta maneira, assim
    - Bend from the waist, thus.
  2. with this result
    deste modo, assim, portanto
    - They planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs.
  3. EXAMPLES
  • The publishers claim that the book constitutes ‘the first sequential exposition of events and thus of the history of the revolution’.
  • Thus the Romans left Britain.
  • Exercise made us more hungry and thus our food supplies ran out.
  • Fold the sheets thus.
56
Q

Consequently

A

Result (resultado)

  • consequentemente
  1. EXAMPLES
  • I spent most of my money in the first week and consequently had very little to eat by the end of the holiday.

Eu gastei a maior parte do meu dinheiro na primeira semana e consequentemente, tinha muito pouco para comer até o final do feriado.

  • All the shops were closed, and consequently we couldn’t buy any food.
  • Doctors are short of time to listen and consequently tend to prescribe drugs whenever they can.
  • There is inadequate childcare provision and consequently many women who wish to work are unable to do so.
  • The company is trying to reduce its costs; consequently, staff who leave are not being replaced.
  • His explanation was full of technical jargon. Consequently, nobody understood it at all!
  • She is always bad-tempered, and consequently doesn’t have many friends.
57
Q

Hence

A

Result (resultado)

Portanto, por isso

  1. EXAMPLE
  • His mother was Italian, hence his name - Luca.

A sua mãe era italiana, daí o seu nome - Luca.

58
Q

Due to

A

Result (resultado)

*devido a

  • His success was due to hard work.
59
Q

Similarly

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
* semelhantemente, do mesmo modo

  1. EXAMPLE
  • The children were similarly dressed.
  • Cars must stop at red traffic lights: similarly, bicycles have to stop too.

Os carros devem parar nos semáforos vermelhos: da mesma forma que as bicicletas.

60
Q

Likewise

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
*igualmente

EXAMPLES
- Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.

  • informal “I don’t have time to spend hours preparing one dish!” “Likewise (= it’s the same for me).”
61
Q

Also

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
in addition
* também

EXAMPLES
- She’s a photographer and also writes books.

  • I’m cold, and I’m also hungry and tired.

Eu estou com frio, e também estou com fome e cansado.

62
Q

Like

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
*como

similar to; in the same way or manner as

EXAMPLES

  • He looks like his brother.
  • She’s very much like her mother (= she is similar in appearance or character).
  • Is Japanese food like Chinese?
  • I’ve got a sweater just like that.
  • Her hair was so soft it was like silk.
  • You’re acting like a complete idiot!
  • She sings like an angel!
  • Like I said (= as I have already said), I don’t wear perfume.
  • Like most people (= as most people would), I’d prefer to have enough money not to work.
  • It feels/seems like (= it seems to me) ages since we last spoke.
  • There’s nothing like a good cup of coffee (= it’s better than anything)!
63
Q

Just as

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
*assim como

64
Q

Just like

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
*assim como

65
Q

Similar to

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
*igual a

66
Q

Same as

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
*igual a

67
Q

Compare

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
to examine or look for the difference between two or more things

  • comparar
  • If you compare house prices in the two areas, it’s quite amazing how different they are.

Se você comparar os preços das casas nas duas áreas, é incrível quão diferentes eles são.

  • That seems expensive - have you compared prices in other shops?
  • Compare some recent work with your older stuff and you’ll see how much you’ve improved.
  • This road is quite busy compared to/with ours.
  • Children seem to learn more interesting things compared to/with when we were at school.
68
Q

Compared to/ with

A

COMPARISON (comparação)
to examine or look for the difference between two or more things

  • compared to = comparado com

to say that someone or something is similar to someone or something else:

  • Some people have compared him to Elvis.
  • compared with = to examine the ways i
    n which two people or things are different or similar:
  • The teachers are always comparing me with/to my sister.
69
Q

For example

A

ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
something that is typical of the group of things that you are talking about:

  • POR EXEMPLO
  1. EXEMPLES
  • This is a good example of medieval Chinese architecture.
  • Dan’s a classic example of a child who’s clever but lazy.
  • Let’s look at an example of what he means.
  • Can you give an example?
  • This is another example of a successful company.
  • There are a range of jobs that are fun and my job is a perfect example.
70
Q

For instance

A

ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)

*POR EXEMPLO

  • Some birds, penguins for instance, cannot fly at all.
71
Q

That is (ie)

A

ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)

  • ISSO É (OU SEJA)
72
Q

Such as

A

ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
used before a noun or noun phrase to add emphasis

*TÃO

  • That’s such a good film.
    É um filme tão bom.
  • It seems like such a long way to drive for just one day.
  • You’re such an idiot!
  • Such cruelty really is beyond my comprehension.
  • It was such a small room that the bed only just fit.
73
Q

Namely

A

ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)
used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have just said

  • A SABER
  • We need to get more teachers into the classrooms where they’re most needed, namely in high poverty areas.
  • I learned an important lesson when I lost my job, namely that nothing is a hundred percent guaranteed.
74
Q

For one things

A

ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)

  • POR UMA COISA
75
Q

As an illustration

A

ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)

  • COMO UMA ILUSTRAÇÃO
76
Q

In this case

A

ILUSTRATION (para ilustrar)

*NESSE CASO

77
Q

As a result

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

*COMO RESULTADO

78
Q

As a consequence

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

*COMO CONSEQUÊNCIA

79
Q

Therefore

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

*POR TANTO, POR ISSO

80
Q

Thus

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

  • desta maneira, assim, deste modo, portanto
81
Q

Consequently

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

*consequentemente

82
Q

Hence

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

*POR ISSO

83
Q

Due to

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

  • devido a
  • His success was due to hard work.
84
Q

After all

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

  1. despite earlier problems or doubts
    *AFINAL
  • The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all.

A chuva parou, então o jogo vai acontecer afinal.

  1. used to add information that shows that what you have just said is true
    *AFINAL
  • I do like her - after all, she is my sister.

Eu gosto dela. Afinal, ela é minha irmã.

85
Q

All in all

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

*AFINAL

  • We haven’t done badly, all in all.
86
Q

All things considered

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

  • todas as coisas consideradas

Someone might say that something is good all things considered to mean it was generally good although the situation was not perfect:

EXAMPLE
I think the party was great, all things considered - I mean we didn’t have much time to get ready, but it still went well.

87
Q

by and large

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

*em geral

when everything about a situation is considered together:

EXAMPLE
There are a few small things that I don’t like about my job, but by and large it’s very enjoyable.

88
Q

in any case

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

*de qualquer maneira

EXAMPLE
I think I locked the door, but I’d better check in any case.

89
Q

in brief

A

SUMMARY (resumo)

in a few words
*EM RESUMO

EXAMPLES
- In brief, we have been successful.

  • Here’s today’s news in brief.
90
Q

for

A

REASON (razão)
having the purpose of
*PARA

EXAMPLES

  • There’s a sign there saying “boats for hire”.
  • This pool is for the use of hotel guests only.
  • I’m sorry, the books are not for sale.
  • They’ve invited us for dinner on Saturday.
  • Everyone in the office is contributing money for his leaving present.
  • I need some money for tonight.

-Which vitamins should you take for (= in order to cure) skin problems?

  • Put those clothes in a pile for washing (= so that they can be washed).
91
Q

because

A

REASON (razão)

  1. porque
  • “Why did you do it?” “Because Carlos told me to”.
  • We can’t go to Julia’s party because we’re going away that weekend.

Nós não podemos ir à festa da Julia porque vamos estar fora naquele fim de semana.

  • Just because I’m lending you my dress for tonight doesn’t mean you can borrow it whenever you want to.
  • (informal) Where’ve you been, because (= the reason I am asking is that) we haven’t seen you recently?
  1. indicates a reason for sth
    * porque
    * por causa de
  • I called because I wanted to talk to your dad.

Liguei porque queria falar com seu pai.

  • They had to leave because of the storm.

Eles tiveram que ir embora por causa da tempestade.

92
Q

Since

A

REASON (razão)

because; as
*JÁ QUE

  • Since we’ve got a few minutes to wait for the train, let’s have a cup of coffee.
    Já que temos alguns minutos para esperar pelo trem, vamos tomar um café.
93
Q

As

A

REASON (razão)

  • PORQUE, COMO

EXAMPLES:
- As it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.

Como estava ficando tarde, eu decidi me hospedar em um hotel.

  • You can go first as you’re the oldest.
94
Q

Because of

A

REASON (razão)

  1. as a result of
    *POR CAUSA DE
  • The flight was delayed because of bad weather.

O voo atrasou por causa do mau tempo.

  1. on account of
    * por causa de
  • I can’t walk because of my broken leg.
95
Q

With this in mind

A

REASON (razão)

  • Com isso em mente
96
Q

In fact

A

REASON (razão)

*na verdade…

97
Q

However

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

despite this
*ENTRETANTO

EXAMPLES:

  • This is one possible solution to the problem. However, there are others.

Esta é uma possível solução para o problema. Entretanto, há outros.

  • There may, however, be other reasons that we don’t know about.
98
Q

On the other hand

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

used when you are comparing two different facts or two opposite ways of thinking about a situation

  • por um lado… por um outro lado…
  • On the one hand I’d like a job that pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work I’m doing at the moment.

Por um lado eu gostaria de um trabalho que me pagasse mais, mas por outro lado eu gosto do trabalho que estou fazendo agora.

99
Q

Nevertheless

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

  • no entanto, todavia
100
Q

Nonetheless

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

*apesar de tudo, no entanto

101
Q

still

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

despite that
* AINDA ASSIM

EXAMPLES:

  • You may not approve of what he did, but he’s still your brother.

Você pode não aprovar o que ele fez, mas ele ainda assim é o seu irmão.

  • I know you don’t like her, but you still don’t have to be so rude to her.
  • Even though she doesn’t really have the time, she still offered to help.
102
Q

Although / even though

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

  • EMBORA, APESAR DE
103
Q

Though

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

*NO ENTANTO

104
Q

But

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

*MAS

105
Q

Yet

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

*AINDA, MAS, CONTUDO

106
Q

Despite / in spite of

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

*APESAR DE

107
Q

In contrast (of) / in comparison

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

  • Em contraste (de) / em comparação
108
Q

on the contrary

A

CONCESSION (concessão)

*pelo contrário

‘Are you busy?’ ‘No, on the contrary, I’m not doing anything at the moment.’.

109
Q

If

A

CONDITION (condição)

*SE

used to mean “if it is true that”

EXAMPLES

  • I’m very sorry if I’ve offended you.

Eu sinto muito se te ofendi.

  • You’ll feel cold if you don’t wear a coat.
  • You have to go to college for a lot of years if you want to be a doctor.
  • Try to act confidently, even if you feel nervous.
  • The TV won’t work if the aerial’s not connected.
  • Biscuits will stay crisp if you keep them in an airtight container.
110
Q

In that case

A

CONDITION (condição)

  • NESSE CASO
  • You’re leaving? In that case, I’m leaving too.
111
Q

In case

A

CONDITION (condição)

*CASO
in order to guard against a possibility

  • I’ll take an umbrella in case (it rains).
112
Q

Unless

A

CONDITION (condição)

  1. except if
    * a não ser que
  • You can’t get a job unless you have experience (= you can only get a job if you have experience).

Você só pode conseguir um emprego a nāo ser que tenha experiência.

  • Unless you call me to say you’re not coming, I’ll see you at the theatre (= I will see you there if you do not call to say you are not coming).
  1. except if
    * exceto se
    * a menos que
  • I’m not going unless you come with me.

Eu não vou, a menos que você vá comigo.

  • Your grades will not improve unless you work harder.

Suas notas não vão melhorar, exceto se você se esforçar mais.

English / TOEFL (2 decks)

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