Linux Essentials Final 2-18 Flashcards by Stacey Williams

Embedded Systems means:

-Businesses cannot charge anything for the software, only the hardware
-Systems designed to do a specific task on hardware optimized for only that purpose
-Users must support the systems themselves
-You can view the software’s source code
-Companies must share their changes

Systems designed to do a specific task on hardware optimized for only that purpose

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Linux originally only ran on:

Specialized processor chips
Raspberry Pi computers
Xerox copy machines
Intel 386 PCs
Macintosh

Intel 386 PCs

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Bundling utilities, management tools, and application software with a Linux kernel is called a:

A text editor
A type of hardware
A distribution of Linux
A trademark

A distribution of Linux

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A software release cycle describes:

♦How often the software’s memory is released back to the operating system
♦How often the computer must be rebooted
♦How often upgrades come out for software
♦How often security fixes are implemented
♦How often the computer must be upgraded to support new software

How often upgrades come out for software

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Apple’s OS X is:
(choose three)

♦Tightly integrated with Apple hardware
♦A fully certified UNIX distribution
♦Primarily used to manage network services
♦Able to natively run Windows binaries
♦Derived from Linux
♦Partially based on code from the FreeBSD project

Tightly integrated with Apple hardware

A fully certified UNIX distribution

Partially based on code from the FreeBSD project

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Microsoft Windows:
(choose three)

♦Offers both desktop and server products
♦Has a short maintenance cycle
♦Has a Linux compatibility mode
♦Is generally backwards compatible with previous versions
♦Has a scripting environment called PowerShell
♦Has a new desktop version every year.

Offers both desktop and server products

Is generally backwards compatible with previous versions

Has a scripting environment called PowerShell

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An interpreted programming language:
(choose two)

♦Takes fewer resources to run than a compiled language
♦Requires a compilation step but no linking step
♦Tends to offer more features than compiled languages
♦Is converted into machine specific instructions as the program runs
Requires a linking step but no compilation step

Tends to offer more features than compiled languages

Is converted into machine specific instructions as the program runs

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The two main families of Linux shells are:
(choose two)

Emacs
Korn shell
Bourne Shell
C Shell
Python Shell

Bourne Shell
C Shell

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In virtualization, what are the host and guest?
(choose two)

♦The guest is the machine that runs the virtual machines
♦The terms can be used interchangeably
♦The host is the machine that runs the virtual machines
♦A guest is a virtual machine
♦A host is a virtual machine

The host is the machine that runs the virtual machines

A guest is a virtual machine

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Cloud computing is:

♦Is made possible by faster internet speeds
♦Is useful for both business and home users
♦All are correct
♦Requires fewer resources because systems are shared among many users
♦Allows users in different geographical regions to work together in real time

All are correct

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Which of the following are properties of a strong password?
(choose three)

♦Includes symbols
♦At least 10 characters long
♦A mix of upper and lower case
♦Based on easy to remember items like birthdays
♦Long so that it can be reused on multiple sites

Includes symbols
At least 10 characters long
A mix of upper and lower case

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A license where you don’t have access to the source code is called:

Closed source
Sourceless
Impaired source
Open source

Closed source

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A copyleft provision in a software license means:

♦You must provide support for your modifications
♦You must provide free copies of the software if you use it
♦You may not link against third party closed source software
♦You give up your copyright to the software
♦If you redistribute the software, you must distribute the source to any changes you make

If you redistribute the software, you must distribute the source to any changes you make

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The Free Software Foundation believes that:
(choose two)

♦Software should be free to modify
♦Software should be free to share
♦No money should ever change hands
♦People should write software with no expectation of making money
♦Software should not have copyright

Software should be free to modify
Software should be free to share

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What does it mean when a work is placed in the public domain?

♦The author has relinquished the copyright on the work
♦The author has died
♦You must redistribute changes to the software
♦You may not use the work for commercial purposes
♦The work was done by a government agency

The author has relinquished the copyright on the work

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The semicolon (;) can be used to separate multiple commands to be executed in order.
True or False?

True
False

True

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To be able to output messages to the screen, use the _______ command:

type
print
display
echo

Echo

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The _______ command will print a list of the commands that you’ve previously executed.

history
exec
eval
list

history

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HOME is an example of _________.

An internal command
An alias
A path variable
A local variable
An environment variable

An environment variable

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The directory where additional documentation for software packages most likely can be found is:

/usr/share/doc
/var/share/doc
/var/lib/doc
/usr/software/doc

/usr/share/doc

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To start searching a man page, the first key you press is:

s
!
/
f

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To get help on using the info command, execute:
(choose two)

help info
man info
info -q
info info

man info
info info

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The _____ command can be used to find any file, not just commands or man pages.

whatis
whereis
apropos
locate

locate

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Hidden files are files that begin with what character?

A dash (-)
A plus (+)
A period (.)
An asterisk (*)

A period (.)

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he top-level directory on a Linux system is represented as: C: /home / /root

The ls command without options or arguments… …lists the contents of the current directory. …prompts for a directory to list. …generates an error as this command requires arguments. …lists the contents of a user’s home directory.

…lists the contents of the current directory.

The command ls -S will sort files: By size, smallest to largest By size, largest to smallest By number of symlinks, largest to smallest By modification date, newest to oldest

By size, largest to smallest

When using the cp command, you must provide both a source and a destination. True or False? True False

True

Which option can be used with the rm command to prompt before deleting? l -i A -P

-i

Which command would list files that do not begin with a T or a W? echo /etc/*[TW!] echo /etc/[!TW]* echo /etc/!TW echo /etc/[*TW]!

echo /etc/[!TW]*

In general, for which of the following would you want to use lossless compression? An mp3 audio file A movie A JPEG image A log file An encrypted email

A log file

You type gzip myfile.tar. What happens? (choose two) ♦myfile.tar is removed ♦An error; you forgot to pass the name of the output file ♦myfile.tar is unarchived into the current directory ♦myfile.tar.gz holds a compressed version of myfile.tar ♦An error; you forgot to specify the file with -f

myfile.tar is removed myfile.tar.gz holds a compressed version of myfile.tar

Which command will show what is inside the compressed tarball with a name of foo.tar.gz? tar –tf foo.tar.gz tar –lf foo.tar.gz tar –tzf foo.tar.gz tar –tjf foo.tar.gz tar –xf foo.tar.gz

tar –tzf foo.tar.gz

By default, the zip command replaces uncompressed files with compressed files. True or False? True False

False

Error messages generated by commands are sent where by default? STDOUT Log files STDERR STDIN

STDERR

Which of the following commands will display only lines that begin with test? grep $test* file.txt grep ^test file.txt grep &test file.txt grep *test file.txt

grep ^test file.txt

Which of the following commands will display lines that contain either start or end? egrep start end file.txt egrep (start|end) file.txt egrep start&end file.txt egrep 'start|end' file.txt

egrep 'start|end' file.txt

A file begins with #!/bin/csh. This means: ♦Nothing, this is a comment ♦This is a Perl script ♦Running the script will invoke /bin/csh to interpret the rest of the file ♦The operator should not be using /bin/csh ♦C Shell compatibility mode is enabled

Running the script will invoke /bin/csh to interpret the rest of the file

Most of nano’s commands take the form of: Alt and another character Control and another character The F1 through F12 function keys Mouse clicks Escape followed by another character

Control and another character

The if command looks for what exit code to consider a condition to be true? 0 10 255 2 1

The number of users logged in is in a variable called USERS. How would you test to see if there are 5 users logged in? test –f USERS=5 test $USERS –eq 5 test $USERS = 5 test $USERS –a 5 test $USERS,5

test $USERS –eq 5

Which of the following are valid partitioning types? (choose two) GPT PC MBR BIOS

GPT MBR

Software that allows hardware devices to communicate with the installed operating system is called? Packages Drivers Instructions Programs

Drivers

Which of the following commands will check hard disk GPT partitions?(choose three) gdisk sfdisk gfdisk sgdisk cgdisk

gdisk sgdisk cgdisk

The process (ps) command shows only processes running in the current shell by default. True or False? True False

True

The free command outputs statistics about: Disk usage Memory usage Software usage CPU usage

Memory usage

Which file contains the information passed to the kernel at boot time? /proc/kernel /proc/kargs /proc/kopts /proc/cmdline

/proc/cmdline

To make changes permanent for kernel parameter files found under /proc/sys, the following file can have entries added to it: /etc/sysinfo.conf /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/procctl.conf /etc/procsys.conf

/etc/sysctl.conf

Which of the following commands will display the IP address on a Linux system? dig ifconfig route ipconfig

ifconfig

The RSA key fingerprint allows the dig command to connect to remote systems. True or False? True False

False

When issuing the service network restart command, which of the following occurs? …the networking for the system is stopped and then started back up. …brings up all network interfaces, re-reads all related configuration files and then the networking for the system is restarted. …takes down all network interfaces, re-reads all related configuration files and then the networking for the system is restarted.

…takes down all network interfaces, re-reads all related configuration files and then the networking for the system is restarted.

Which of the following commands can be used to display socket statistics, and supports all major packet and socket types? route ss top ifconfig

Which of the following commands will display the groups that the user bob belongs to? groups -a group bob all bob id bob

id bob

Traditional UNIX systems allowed users to belong to how many groups? 256 65,000 1 10,000 16

A value of 0 in the “minimum” password aging field means the user cannot change their password. True or False? True False

False

Sudo privileges allow users to execute commands as another user. True or False? True False

True

The first line of this command displays how long the system has been running since being rebooted. getent id w su who

Which option for the usermod command can be used to specify a user’s group ID (either primary or secondary)? (choose two) -G -s -S -g

-G -g

The groupmod command can be used to add users to a group. True or False? True False

false

Which of the following files contains user IDs? /etc/usr /etc/shadow /etc/group /etc/passwd

/etc/passwd

Which of the following commands, run as root, will prevent the user bob from logging in? usermod -D bob usermod -d bob usermod -L bob usermod -l bob

usermod -L bob

What directory contains a user’s home directory? /rootfs / /home /user

/home

GIDs under 500 (or 1000) are usually reserved for what kind of groups? Administrators System use User private groups (UPG) Are not used for groups, but for user accounts

System use

A user cannot delete a file if they do not own it. True or False? True False

False

The chown command permits changing group ownership done by root only. True or False? True False

False

Which of the following commands will list hidden files as well as their ownership? ls -l ls -z ls -a ls -la

ls -la

Which of the following commands will set setuid for the /usr/bin/program? chmod 1755 /usr/bin/program None of the above chmod 2755 /usr/bin/program chmod 4755 /usr/bin/program

chmod 4755 /usr/bin/program

Setting setgid on a directory… …will set the group owner of all files created in the directory to the group owner of the directory. …will allow scripts in the directory to be executed as the group owner of the directory. …does nothing. …is not allowed by the system.

…will set the group owner of all files created in the directory to the group owner of the directory.

Deleting a source file will break an associated hard link. True or False? True False

False

Which of the following commands would create a hard link, link to file? ln link file ln -s file link ln -s link file ln file link

ln file link