Lipid Structure

Question 1

lipids

Answer 1

insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents

Question 2

simple lipids

Answer 2

fats and waxes

Question 3

fats

Answer 3

esters of fatty acids with glycerol (oils are liquid fats)

Question 4

waxes

Answer 4

esters of fatty acids with alcohols

Question 5

complex lipids

Answer 5

phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins

Question 6

phospholipids

Answer 6

glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids

Question 7

glycolipids

Answer 7

glycosphingolipids

Question 8

precursor and derived lipids

Answer 8

fatty acids, steroids, bile acids, ketone bodies

Question 9

fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 9

A, D, E, K

Question 10

lipid function

Answer 10

fuel for energy and storage, membrane structure, detergents, signaling molecules, vitamins

Question 11

energy/storage lipids

Answer 11

fatty acids and triglycerides

Question 12

membrane lipids

Answer 12

glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol

Question 13

detergents

Answer 13

bile acids

Question 14

signaling molecules

Answer 14

steroid hormones and prostoglandins

Question 15

fatty acids structure

Answer 15

unbranched, nonaromatic, carboxylic acids (amphipathic)

Question 16

saturated fatty acids

Answer 16

no double bonds

Question 17

mono-unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 17

1 double bond; position of double bond from carbonyl end

Question 18

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 18

classified according to first double bond starting at the last carbon (omega-3)

Question 19

amphipathic

Answer 19

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 20

solubility of fatty acids

Answer 20

short chains (<8 C’s) are soluble in water

Question 21

melting temp of fatty acids

Answer 21

melting temp increases with chain length but decreases with double bonds

Question 22

triglyceride

Answer 22

glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails; major lipid for energy storage

Question 23

Answer 23

glycerophospholipids

Question 24

Answer 24

sphingolipids

Question 25

Answer 25

glycolipid

Question 26

glycerophospholipid structure

Answer 26

saturated FA at C-1 and unsaturated at C-2

Question 27

3 major classes of sphingolipids

Answer 27

sphingomyelins, gangliosides, and glycosphingolipids

Question 28

spingomyelin

Answer 28

covers axons in nerves

Question 29

glycosphingolipids

Answer 29

important in brain cerebrosides (head group=glucose or galactose)

Question 30

gangliosides

Answer 30

head group=oligosaccharides; cell-cell signaling

Question 31

sphingolipidoses

Answer 31

lysosomal storage disease --> patients with defective enzymes accumulate sphingolipid intermediates

Question 32

sphingolipidosis diseases

Answer 32

Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick, Gaucher's, Fabry's

Question 33

Tay-Sach's

Answer 33

mental retardation, red dots in eyes, blindness, death by 3

Question 34

Gaucher's disease

Answer 34

liver and spleen enlargement, erosion of long bones, mental retardation (most common)

Question 35

Gaucher's onset

Answer 35

mutation in glucocerebrosidase; can develop throughout life depending on enzyme function

Question 36

cholesterol

Answer 36

decreases fluidity at high temps and increases at low temps

Question 37

spur anemia

Answer 37

erythrocyte membranes contain unusual spurs (occurs with severe liver disease)

Question 38

how does spur anemia develop?

Answer 38

increased cholesterol will leak out of liver --> makes way to bone marrow --> gets in erythrocytes and causes spur shape

Question 39

bile acids

Answer 39

made in liver but secreted to gallbladder; amphipathic; emulsifying agents

Question 40

hypercholesterolemia treatment (high cholesterol)

Answer 40

prevention of bile salt uptake by intestinal epithelium

Question 41

cholesterol signaling molecules

Answer 41

steroid hormones

Question 42

fatty acid signaling molecules

Answer 42

prostoglandins

Question 43

prostoglandins

Answer 43

can help with pain and inflammation

Question 44

prostoglandins

Answer 44

can help with pain and inflammation

Question 45

vitamin A

Answer 45

vision, reproduction, bone growth, and epithelial differentiation

Question 46

vitamin D

Answer 46

regulates plasma calcium levels, roles in diabetes, immune system, cardiovascular health

Question 47

vitamin E

Answer 47

anti-oxidant

Question 48

vitamin K

Answer 48

co-enzyme in post-translational modification of blood clotting factors

Question 49

exacerbation of vitamin deficiencies

Answer 49

excessive intake of oils, bile duct obstruction, inflammatory bowel diseases