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Lipids 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How much fat does the body of a lean healthy man have (on average)

A

16%

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2
Q

How much can lipid content account for in severe obesity

A

70%

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3
Q

Where does this fat occur?

A

Adipocytes

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4
Q

What are fats vital for?

A

Physiological and Biological processes (hormone production) and energy production

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5
Q

Who was responsible for changing society’s perception on fats. When?

A

Ancel Keys - he observed a correlation with a diet high in saturated fats could cause high serum cholesterol, increasing the risk of Cardiovascular Disease. 1950s.

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6
Q

List the functions of WAT (White adipose tissue)

A

Secretion of hormones
Secretion of growth factor
Secretion of enzymes and cytokines
Protection of organs
Energy storage
Provides insulation

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7
Q

What is a phospholipid

A

Phosphate plus lipid. Found in all cell membranes

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8
Q

What is a sphingolipid? Where are they found?

A

Long chain alcohol amino + fatty acid + sugar. Found in nerve cell membranes eg myelin

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9
Q

What is a glyclolipid? What are they involved in?

A

Carb + lipid. Cell identity

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10
Q

What is a cebroside.

A

Waxy lipid + sugar. DNA

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11
Q

List 8 types of lipid

A

Individual fatty acid
Tryglyceride
Cholesterol and steroid lipids
Phospholipid
Sphingolipid
Cerebroside
Glycolipids
Fat Soluble vitamins - A, C, E, K

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12
Q

How many calories does each gram of fat supply the body with?

A

9 cals

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13
Q

What does the body store excess energy as?

A

Fat

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14
Q

How do lipids help with cell membrane structure?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol stabilise cell membranes whilst allowing fluidity

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15
Q

Name the steroid hormones derived from cholesterol

A

Oestrogen, progesterone, Androgens, Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

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16
Q

What lipids is the brain rich in?

A

AA (arachidonic acid) and DHA (docosahexaneonic acid)

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17
Q

What do AA and DHA contribute to?

A

Growth and devlopment

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18
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Hydrocarbon chains with an acid group at one end and methyl group at the other

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19
Q

What do short chain fatty acids and medium chain fatty acids do?

A

Travel directly to the liver to be used to create energy or ketones

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20
Q

What are long chain fatty acids used for?

A

Cell membrane structure - to build cell membranes

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21
Q

When are SCFA’s produced

A

When dietary fibre is fermented in the colon

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22
Q

What are the 3 most common SCFA’s?

A

Acetate, proponate, butyrate

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23
Q

What is Butyrate particularly important for? Why?

A

Particularly important for colon health. It provides the coloncytes with energy. Supports the intestinal tight junction.

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24
Q

What effect is Butyrate thought to have on the gut?

A

Anti-inflammatory

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25
What role are SCFA's speculated to have a part in?
The microbiota-gut-brain axis
26
What process turns natural fatty acids into unnatural forms ie trans fats?
Hydrogenation - the addition of hydrogen
27
Cis bonds - are the H atoms on the same side of the double bond or different side?
Same
28
What is a triglyceride?
Lipid molecule containing one glycerol and three fatty acids
29
What have high levels of triglycerides in the blood been linked to?
Atherosclerosis - leading to heart disease and stroke
30
How is excess dietary energy converted to triglycerides?
Lipogenesis
31
What is Lipogenesis?
The metabolic pathway that synthesises fatty acids from excess carbohydrates
32
Where does lipogenesis take place?
In the adipose tissue and liver
33
What are the sites of fatty acid synthesis?
Kidneys, Liver and adipocytes
34
Define Lypolysis
When dietary energy is limited, the fatty acids from triglycerides are mobilised from adipocytes into circulation
35
What stimulates lipolysis?
Adrenaline, noradrenaline, ACTH, TSH, Glucagon and growth hormone, Thyroxine
36
When does ketosis usually happen?
When carbohydrates are restricted to less than 40g per day
37
In ketosis, what is the body's primary fuel source?
Fat
38
What health benefits are linked with ketosis?
Alzheimer's. Parkinson's, epileptic seizures. weight loss
39
What helps to aid digestion of triglycerides?
Gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, bile
40
How do you optimise lipid digestion?
Chew well, increase bile production by optimising stomach acid - zinc, b6, bitters
41
What type of fats does coconut oil contain?
MCTS - medium chain triglycerides
42
What do MCTs do?
Increase number of calories burned. Increase HDL and lower LDL levels
43
What acid does coconut oil contain?
50% lauric acid
44
What properties do coconut oil and lauric acid have?
Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal
45
Name a food that contains Butyric acid
Butter
46
Caprylic acid is found in what foods?
Coconut, palm kernel, breast milk
47
Lauric acid is found in what food?
Coconut
48
Palmitic acid is found in what foods?
Coconut, Palm, Palm kernel
49
Stearic acid is found in what foods?
Beef, pork, lamb, mutton, cocoa and shea butter, butter
50
What does ALA stand for?
Alpha Linolenic acid
51
What foods contain high amounts of ALA?
Flax seeds, Chia seeds, Walnuts, Pumpkin Seeds, soybean
52
What does EPA stand for?
Elcosapentaenoic acid
53
What foods are high in EPA and DHA
Salmon, trout, tuna, sardines, herring, spirulina, chlorella
54
What foods are high in Oleic acid?
Avocados, olives, almonds, peanut, pistacios, pecan, cashews
55
Name the Polyunsaturated fats Omega - 3
ALA, EPA, DHA, SDA
56
Name the Polyunsaturated fats Omega-6
Linoleic acid (LA). Gamma Linoleic acid (GLA) Arachidnoic acid (AA)
57
What foods are high in Linoleic acid?
Sunflower, hemp, soybean, walnut, pumpkin seed, sesame, almond, chia, cashew, Rapeseed, avocado, brazil nut
58
What foods contain GLA?
Evening primrose oil, Borage oil, Blackcurrant Seed Oil
59
What foods contain AA?
Meat, other animal products
60
What fats should be used in cooking at high temperatures and why?
Butter, coconut oil, ghee. They have a high smoke point .
61
What happens when cooking with Polyunsaturated fats?
These oxidise when heated and and produce free radicals that can damage cells.
62
What happens when a fat becomes rancid?
The fat breaks down into compounds that are then transformed into products such as aldehydes, ketones and hydrocarbons.
63
Why is coconut oil stable for cooking?
There is a lack of double bonds in saturated fatty acids which makes them less prone to oxidisation and rancidity.
64
What 2 Essential Fatty Acids cannot be made in the body?
ALA - Alpha Linoleic acid (omega 3) and LA - Linoleic acid (omega 6)
65
What enzyme catalyses the chemical reaction to produce GLA and EPA?
Delta-6-desaturase
66
What is the weekly recommended intake of EPA/DHA?
250mg 2-3 portions of oily fish
67
What ratio of omega 6:3 is typical in western diets?
16:1
68
What are EFAs vital for?
Cell membranes - they maintain membrane fluidity. Foetal and child brain development
69
What are EFA's prescursors of?
Elcosanoids - local hormones
70
Skin symptoms of EFA requirement
Chapped lips, Hyperkeratosis pilaris, Acne, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis . delayed wound healing
71
Endocrine symptoms of EFA requirement
Weight imbalances, PMS, Hyperinsulinaemia
72
Reproductive system symptoms of EFA requirement
Infertility, impotence, ovarian cysts, fibrocystic breast disease, repeated miscarriages
73
Circulatory systems symptoms of EFA requirement
Frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums, easy bruising, delayed recovery from exercise
74
Musculoskeletal system symptoms of EFA requirement
Chronic joint pain/arthritis. Delayed recovery from injuiries
75
Immune system symptoms of EFA requirement
Susceptibility to infections
76
Neurological system symptoms of EFA requirement
Parkinsons, Alzheimers, Anxiety, ME, Tingling arms and legs
77
What does BDNF stand for and what is it?
Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor. Plays a critical role in neuromaintenance, learning and memory. It has mood boosting effects
78
How would you support EFA conversion to EPA and DHA in a vegan/vegetarian diet?
increase dietary intake of enzyme co-factors - Zinc, magnesium and B6
79
What does conversion of LA to GLA require?
Vit C, B3, B6, magnesium and zinc
80
What is GLA a precursor for?
PG1
81
When referencing PMS, how does GLA help symptoms?
GLA is a precursor for PG1. PG1 inhibits prolactin. Prolactin levels are often raised in PMS
82
How are Eicosanoids made?
The oxidation of Omega 3 and 6 fats
83
What are Eicosanoids involved in ?
Inflammation, Blood vessel permeability and constriction, Blood coagulation, Immune cell behaviour, CNS signalling
84
What effects can Eicosanoids have?
Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammotry
85
What Fatty acid are PG1's made from?
DGLA
86
What effect does PG1 have?
Anti-inflammatory. Prevents platelets from sticking together. Removes excess sodium and water from the body Promotes vasodilation - improves circulation
87
What fatty acids are PG2's made from?
AA
88
What effect does PG2 have?
Pro-inflammatory. Promotes platelet aggregation Promotes sodium and water retention, increasing BP
89
What fatty acids are PG3 made from?
EPA
90
What effect does PG3 have?
Anti-inflammatory. Prevents the release of AA from cell membranes. EPA limits PG2 production.
91
What effect would a diet rich in AA have on the prostaglandins produced?
More PG2.
92
A high consumption of EPA and DHA would produce which prostaglandins?
PG1 and PG3
93
What is cholesterol important for?
Cell structure and function
94
List the functions of cholesterol?
Vit C and Calcium metabolism Cortisol Aldosterone - mineral and fluid balance Synthesis of sex hormones - oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone Membrane integrity, esp in the brain Lipoproteins needed for triglyceride transport
95
What does a diet rich in triglycerides stimulate?
Cholesterol synthesis in the liver and small intestine
96
How is cholesterol excreted?
In the stool, mostly as bile products
97
What do gut bacteria from healthy microbiomes do?
Metabolise cholesterol which means less reabsorption
98
Phospholipids are the __________ basis of all cell membranes
Structural
99

Lipids (3 decks)

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