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Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids are a family of substances that are ____ in water but ____ in nonpolar and low polarity solvents such as diethyl ether, acetone, and DCM.

soluble or insoluble

A

insoluble; soluble

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2
Q

A fatty acid has a long and unbranched ____ chain.

A

carbon chain

or hydrocarbon chain

this accounts for the lipids’ insolubility in water

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3
Q

A fatty acid has a ____ group at one end that is usually ionized and accounts for the hydrophilic nature of the molecule

A

carboxyl group

ionized = COO-

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4
Q

In the notation 16:1 of Palmitoleic acid, what does 16 and 1 signify?

A
  • 16 = # of carbons
  • 1 = # of double bonds

kapag may triangle: ex: 16:1∆9, the 9 tells us that the double bond is found at the 9th carbon starting from the carboxyl end of the molecule

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5
Q

Characteristics of fatty acids

Nearly all fatty acids have an ____ number of carbon atoms, most between 12 and 20, in an unbranched chain.

odd or even

A

even

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6
Q

Characteristics of fatty acids

What are the three most abundant fatty acids in nature?

A
  • palmitic acid
  • stearic acid
  • oleic acid

16:0; 18:0; 18:1

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7
Q

Characteristics of fatty acids

In most unsaturated fatty acids, what isomer predominates?

A

cis isomer

trans is rare

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8
Q

Characteristics of fatty acids

Unsaturated fatty acids have ____ melting points than their saturated counterparts

higher or lower

A

lower

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9
Q

Characteristics of fatty acids

The ____ the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point

greater or lower

A

greater

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10
Q

What type of fatty acids only have single bonds in their hydrocarbon chains?

A

Saturated fatty acids

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11
Q

What type of fatty acids have double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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12
Q

Saturated fatty acids are ____ at room temperature

solid or liquid

A

solid

because the regular nature of their hydrocarbon chains allows their molecules to pack together in a close parallel alignment

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13
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids are ____ at room temperature

solid or liquid

A

liquid

because the C=C double bonds create bends in the carbon chain, making it harder for fatty acids to pack together tightly.

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14
Q

True or False

The longer the hydrocarbon chain is, the more energy the energy is needed to separate and melt them

A

True

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15
Q

True or False

The double bonds present in unsaturated fatty acids inserts a bend in the hydrocarbon chain

A

True

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16
Q

Plant oils are liquid at room temperature because they have higher proportions of ____ fatty acids than do animal fats, which tend to be solids

saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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17
Q

____ are triesters of glycerol and fatty acids.

A

Triglycerides

ester = R-O-(C=O)-R

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18
Q

What do you call the alcohol portion of triglycerides?

A

glycerol

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19
Q

What is the acid component of triglycerides?

A

fatty acids

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20
Q

Are triglycerides soluble in water or no?

A

no.

Although the ester groups are polar, they are buried in a nonpolar environment (hydrocarbon chains), that’s why they’re nonpolar & hydrophobic

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21
Q

What do you call the mixture of triglycerides containing high proportion of saturated fatty acids?

A

fats

properties of fatty acids are carried over to triglycerides

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22
Q

What do you call the mixture of triglycerides containing high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and short-chain saturated fatty acids?

A

oils

properties of fatty acids are carried over to triglycerides

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23
Q

What are the two classifications of complex lipids?

A
  • phospholipids
  • glycolipids
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24
Q

What type of complex lipid contains an alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group?

A

Phospholipids

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25
What **type of complex lipid** contains carbohydrates?
Glycolipids
26
What are the two types of phospholipids?
- glycerophospholipids - sphingolipids ## Footnote in glycerophospholipids, the backbone is **glycerol**; in sphingolipids, backbone is **sphingosine**
27
The lipid bilayer contains ____ fatty acids that accounts for the membrane's fluidity
unsaturated fatty acids
28
What do you call the **reaction of a triacylglycerol with a base** _producing glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids_?
saponification
29
What do you call the type of phospholipid with a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group esterified to another alcohol?
glycerophospholipid | or phosphoacylglycerol
30
In the event that the _alcohol to the phosphate group of the glycerophospholipid_ is **esterified to a choline**, what do you now call the compound?
phosphatidylcholine | or lecithin
31
In the event that the _alcohol to the phosphate group of the glycerophospholipid_ is **esterified to a ethanolamine or serine**, what do you now call the compound?
phosphatidylethanolamine | or cephalin ## Footnote abundant in egg yolk, wheat germ, yeast
32
In the event that the _alcohol to the phosphate group of the glycerophospholipid_ is **phosphate-esterified to inositol**, what do you now call the compound?
phosphatidylinositol
33
what do you call the most abundant lipid in most cell membranes that has a polar head and two nonpolar tails?
phospholipids | phosphoacylglycerol
34
What do you call the type of phospholipids that have a sphingosine backbone?
sphingolipids
35
What do you call the bond between a fatty acid and a sphingosine?
ceramide
36
What types of lipids are the **most important lipids in myelin sheaths** of nerve cells and associated in diseases such as multiple sclerosis?
sphingomyelins
37
What do you call the lipids that contain 3 cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane rings fused together?
steroids
38
What is the most abundant and most important steroid in the human body?
cholesterol
39
What do you call the spherically-shaped molecules that **transports cholesterol and fat**?
Lipoproteins
40
What are the 4 types of lipoproteins?
- HDL - LDL - VLDL - Chylomicrons
41
What steroid is considered as the precursor for the synthesis of other steroids and is derived from squalene?
Cholesterol
42
Most cholesterol is transported in the body by what type of lipoproteins?
LDL
43
What do you call the group of signal lipids that are derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase?
eicosanoids
44
# Identify the type of eicosanoids - stimulates muscle contraction - anticoagulant - controls blood pressure - stimulates muscle contraction - from prostanoic acid
Prostaglandins
45
# Identify the type of eicosanoids - induces platelet aggregation - induces vasoconstriction
Thromboxanes
46
# Identify the type of eicosanoids - produces muscle contractions, especially in the lungs - occurs mainly in leukocytes - drugs inhibit the synthesis of this eicosanoid (in asthma)
Leukotrienes
47
# Identify the fat-soluble vitamin - Isoprenoid alcohol that play a key role in visio - can be biosynthesized from B-carotene
Vitamin A | Retinoic Acid
48
# Identify the fat-soluble vitamin - Essential for bone health - Deficiency leads to bone defects
Vitamin D | Cholecalciferol
49
# Identify the fat-soluble vitamin - powerful antioxidant - important for skin health
Vitamin E | Alpha-Tocopherol
50
# Identify the fat-soluble vitamin - Important in the synthesis of prothrombin and protein factors in platelets - Deficiency leads to diminished intestinal absorption of lipids
Vitamin K | phylloquinone' menaquinone
51
What are the three reagents involved in the isolation of lipids from eggs?
- Ethanol - Hexane - Acetone
52
What **reagent from the isolation process** _denatures the proteins_ and disrupts the lipoprotein complexes of egg yolk?
Ethanol
53
What **reagent from the isolation process** was used to _remove neutral or least polar lipids_?
Hexane
54
What **reagent from the isolation process** was used to _provides a mild dehydration condition_ wherein: - H2O content decreases; thus, lipids are extracted - polar lipid w/ neutral lipids will further precipitate
Acetone
55
Column chromatography is based on **what principle** wherein _a solid holds molecules_ of a gas or liquid or solute *as a thin film*?
Adsorption
56
What are the reagents used in column chromatography?
- Petroleum ether:ethyl ether (9:1) - 5% MetOH in DCM - DCM:MetOH:H2O (1:3:1) | arranged from least polar to most polar*
57
Stationary phase in TLC of lipids?
SIlica gel
58
# Identify the visualizing agent in TLC of lipids - appears as yellow-brown spots - oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is involved as a rxn
I2 | iodine
59
# Identify the visualizing agent in TLC of lipids - appears as blue-violet spots - detected in here are the free amino acid grps
Ninhydrin
60
What are the standards used in TLC of lipids?
- Cholesterol - Lecithin
61
# Identify the test based on reagents - ethanol:butanol (3:1) - NH2OH-HCl - NaOH - FeCl3 - HCl
Hydroxamic test
62
# Identify the test based on reagents - KHSO4 - Water bath
Acrolein test
63
# Identify the test based on reagents - conc. H2SO4 - acetic anhydride
Liebermann-Burchard test
64
# Identify the test based on reagents - Bismuth nitrate - 3M HNO3 - KI
Kraut's test
65
# Identify the test based on reagents - 6M HNO3 - 6M NaOH - Molybdate rgt - Ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid method | Test for Phosphate
66
# Identify the test based on reagents - triketohydrindene hydrate (ninhydrin in EtOH)
Ninhydrin test
67
# Identify the test based on reagents - 5% Bromine/Iodine solution
Test for lipid unsaturation
68
# Identify the test based on reagents - 1% ethanolic a-naphthol - conc. H2SO4
Molisch test
69
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose - **complexation** rxn - detects presence of **carboxylic acid esters** - detects TAGs, glycerophospholipids, cholesteryl esters
Hydroxamic test | test for ester
70
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose - **dehydration** and **oxidation** - **detects glycerol** - detects TAGs, glycerophospholipids
Acrolein test | test for glycerol
71
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose - **esterification** with acetic anhydride & **epimerization** of double bond at C5 - detects presence of **unsaturated sterols** - detects cholesterol
Libermann-Burchard test | test for cholesterol
72
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose - **complexation** rxn - detects presence of choline
Kraut's test
73
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose - reagents react in acidic medium with **orthophosphate** to form an acid that'll be **reduced later by ascorbic acid** - detects phosphate
Test for Phosphate | Ascorbic acid method
74
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose - oxidative **deamination** followed by **condensation** - detects **presence of a-amino grp**
Ninhydrin test
75
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose - addition reaction - detects presence of double bonds **(degree of unsaturation)**
Test for Lipid Unsaturation
76
# Identify the positive result of the test Hydroxamic test | Test for ester
burgundy color
77
# Identify the positive result of the test Acrolein test | Test for glycerol
burnt fat odor
78
# Identify the positive result of the test Libermann-Burchard test | Test for cholesterol
emerald green solution
79
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose Kraut's test
dark orange to red ppt
80
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose Test for phosphate | Ascorbic acid method
molybdenum blue solution | or cerulean
81
# Identify the test based on principle and purpose Test for Lipid Unsaturation
reddish brown color or violet coloration
82
What is the identity of the first eluate in the column chromatography?
- Triglycerides - Cholesteryl ester | i2 mga most nonpolar
83
What is the identity of the second eluate in the column chromatography?
cholesterol
84
What is the identity of the third eluate in column chromatography?
- Glycerophospholipids - Sphingomyelin | most polar
85
Which tests will be positive for triacylglycerides?
- Hydroxamic test - Acrolein - Test for unsaturation (depende sa fatty acid chain)
86
Which tests will be positive for cholesteryl esters?
- Hydroxamic test - Liebermann-Burchard test
87
Which tests will be positive for glycerophospholipids?
- Hydroxamic - Acrolein - Kraut's (phosphatidylcholine) - Test for unsaturation (depende ulet sa fatty acid chain) - Ninhydrin (for Phosphatidylenolamine)
88
Which tests will be positive for sphingomyelin?
- Kraut's - Test for unsaturation (depende sa fatty acid chain)

lmao (14 decks)

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