Nucleic Acids Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
What do you call the transfer of characteristics from generation to generation?
A
Heredity
2
Q
True or False
All genes lead to the production of proteins and another type of nucleic acids (RNA)
A
False
not all genes lead to protein production but all lead to RNA production
Genes are stretches of DNA that are transcribed into RNA
3
Q
Two types of nucleic acids?
A
DNA & RNA
4
Q
what do you call the monomers of nucleic acids?
A
nucleotides
5
Q
A nucleotide is composed of three simpler units, what’re they?
A
- base
- monosaccharide
- phosphate
6
Q
All of the bases of nucleic acids are ____ because they are heterocyclic aromatic amines.
A
basic
7
Q
Two types of bases?
A
Purines & Pyrimidines
8
Q
Among the bases of nucleic acids, which of them are purines and which are pyrimidines?
A
- Purine = A & G
- Pyrimidine = T, C, & U
9
Q
How does thymine differ from uracil structurally?
A
methyl group at carbon 5
10
Q
Which N will lose a hydrogen when the bases of nucleic acids bond with monosaccharides?
diff purine w pyrimidine
A
- Purine = N-9
- Pyrimidine = N-1
based sa carbon numberings sa rings
also remember that purines are double-ringed while pyrimidine isa lang
11
Q
Sugar component of RNA is what?
A
D-ribose
12
Q
Sugar component of DNA?
A
2-deoxy-D-ribose
13
Q
Structurally, which Carbon will have the presence or absence of -OH for it to be classified as a sugar of RNA or DNA?
A
Carbon 2
RNA = may OH sa carbon 2 (D-ribose)
DNA = H lang nasa carbon 2 (2-deoxy-D-ribose)
14
Q
the combination of a sugar and base is known as a what?
A
nucleoside
15
Q
The bases of purines are linked to carbon number what of the monosaccharide to the nitrogen number what of the base?
A
C-1 to N-9
16
Q
The bases of pyrimidines are linked to carbon number what of the monosaccharide to the nitrogen number what of the base?
A
C-1 to N-1
17
Q
The bases and monosaccharides are connected via a bond called?
A
B-N-glycosidic bond
18
Q
What do you call the nucleoside made of adenine and ribose? what about adenine and deoxyribose?
A
Adenosine; Deoxyadenosine
19
Q
what do you call a nucleoside bonded to one, two, or three phosphate groups?
A
nucleotide
20
Q
When phosphoric acid forms a ____ bond with nucleoside, the result forms a compound known as a nucleotide
A
phosphate ester bond
or phosphodiester bond
21
Q
What do you call a nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an –OH of the monosaccharide, most commonly either at the 3’or the 5’–OH?
A
Nucleotide
22
Q
What do you call the common currency into which energy gained from good is converted and stored?
A
ATP
Adenosine 5’-triphosphate
23
Q
what are the two parts of the primary structure of nucleotides?
A
- backbone
- bases that are side-chain grps
24
Q
the backbone of nucleic acids in its primary structure is composed of what?
A
alternating monosaccharide and phosphate groups
25
Each phosphate group forms a phosphate ester bond from the ____ carbon of a monosaccharide unit to the ____ carbon of another monosaccharide
3'; 5'
26
Similar to proteins, we need a convention to tell us which end to start with when we write the sequence of bases and for nucleotides, we will start where?
nucleotide w/ free 5' terminus
27
What do you call the arrangement in which two strands of DNA are coiled around each other in a screw-like fashio?
Double helix
28
In an aqueous environment, the bases point where? The backbone is where?
| inward, outward, inside, outside
inward; outside
## Footnote
bases are hydrophobic; sugar-phosphate group is hydrophilic due to its negative charge
29
Whose rule stated that the DNA bases form hydrogen bonds to another specific base?
| A-T; C-G
Chargaff's rule
## Footnote
from Erwin Chargaff who showed that quantity of A is similar to T and C to G
30
How many H-bonds can we find in an A-T complementary base pair?
2 hydrogen bonds
31
How many H-bonds can we find in an C-G complementary base pair?
3 hydrogen bonds
32
DNA is coiled around proteins called?
histones
33
Histones are rich in the basic amino acids what?
Lys & Arg
34
The negatively-charged DNA molecules and positively-charged histones attract one another and form units called ____.
Nucleosomes
35
What do you call a core of eight histone molecules around which the DNA helix is wrapped?
Nucleosome
36
Nucleosomes are further condensed into ____ where a 30-nm-wide fiber forms in which nucleosomes are wound in a ____ fashion, with six nucleosomes forming a repeating unit
Chromatin; Solenoid
37
Chromatin fibers are organized further into loops and arranged into bands to provide the superstructure of ____?
chromosomes
38
# Identify the level of structure
Order or sequence of bases in the polynucleotide sequence which specifies the genetic code
primary structure
39
# Identify the level of structure
ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands
Secondary structure
40
# Identify the level of structure
3-D arrangement of all atoms of a nucleic acid; referred to as supercoiling
Tertiary structure
41
# Identify the type of nucleic acid base
Compounds that contain a six-membered ring which are parents of C, T, U
Pyrimidine bases
42
# Identify the type of nucleic acid base
Compounds that contain a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring which are parent compounds of A & G
Purine bases
43
What do you call the covalent linkage in which phosphoric acid is esterified to the 3′ hydroxyl of one nucleoside and the 5′ hydroxyl of another nucleoside?
Phosphodiester bonds
| 3', 5'-phosphodiester bond
44
# True or False
Nucleotide residues of nucleic acids are numbered from the 5′ end to the 3′ end
True
45
DNA double helix structure is proposed by who back in 1953?
James Watson and Francis Crick
46
DNA consists of imaginary cylinder that encloses the DNA in a double helix. This imaginary cylinder is known as?
Grooves
| may be major or minor grooves
47
What do you call the DNA type wherein the 5' end and 3' end are joined by phosphodiester bonds?
Circular DNA
48
Prokaryotic DNA is circular and forms supercoils. What are the two types of supercoils?
Positive & Negative
## Footnote
(+) = more than normal turns of the helix
(-) = fewer than normal turns of the helix
49
What must be added to a sample of DNA to break the H-bonds and to disrupt the stacking interactions?
Energy
| carried out by heat
## Footnote
Denaturation of DNA is via heat then Renaturation is possible on slow cooling
50
# Identify the RNA type
chain of nucleotides where sequence is exactly complementary to DNA after transcription
mRNA
51
# Identify the RNA type
directs amino acid sequence of proteins
mRNA
| messenger
52
# Identify the RNA type
transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis
tRNA
| transport
53
# Identify the RNA type
combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis
| the RNA complexed with proteins in ribosomes
rRNA
| ribosomal
54
# Identify the RNA type
processing of the initial mRNA transcribed from DNA into a mature form ready to go out of nucleus
snRNA
| small nuclear
55
# Identify the RNA type
responsible for splicing mRNA
snRNA
| small nuclear
56
# Identify the RNA type
Affects gene expression which is important in growth and development
miRNA
| micro
57
# Identify the RNA type
affects gene expression and is used by scientists to knock out a gene being studied
siRNA
| small interfering
58
# Identify the RNA type
bind to mRNA and prevent its translation; also used in the treatment of hepa C
miRNA
| micro
59
# Identify the RNA type
bind to mRNA but lead to the cleavage of the RNA in question and is also used in the treatment of ebola virus
siRNA
| small interfering
60
what do you call a stretch of DNA that carries the message to direct the synthesis of a protein, tRNA, or mRNA?
Gene
61
many genes are present in in a DNA molecule, in bacteria this message is ____, while in higher organisms it is ____.
| continuous, discontinuous
continuous; discontinuous
62
What do you call the nucleotide sequences in DNA or mRNA that code for a protein?
Exons
| short for expressed sequences
63
64
What do you call the nucleotide sequences in DNA or mRNA that do not code for a protein?
Introns
| short for intervening sequences
64
____ are protein-coding regions that must be joined by removing ____, the noncoding intervening sequences.
Exons; Introns
64
The process of intron removal and exon joining is called what?
splicing
65
What do you call DNA molecules in which short nucleotide sequences are repeated hundreds or thousands of times? Smaller repetitive sequences?
Satellites; microsatellites
66
CRISPR stands for what?
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
## Footnote
these are repetitive stretches of DNA found in bacteria and archaea
67
what are the two functions of the DNA in the chromosome?
1. DNA reproduction
2. information for protein synthesis
68
What do you call the point in the DNA where replication begins?
origin of replication
| or **replication fork**
69
Replication is ____ and takes place at the same speed in **both directions**
| *hint in bold*
bidirectional
70
One of the syntheses in replication is ____ along the 3' to 5' strand and the strand is called the ____ strand
continuous; leading strand
71
The other strand wherein it runs in the 5' to 3' end has its synthesis ____ and the strand is the ____.
discontinuous; lagging strand
72
The replication process is called ____ because each daughter molecule has one parental strand and one newly synthesized one
semiconservative
73
When adding a nucleotide to the growing DNA chain, what group acts as a nucleophile to attack the phosphorus adjacent to the sugar in the nucleotide, which will be added to the growing chain?
3' hydroxyl group
74
Enumerate the steps of DNA replication
| own words
1. Opening Up the Superstructure via histone acetylase (+) & (-) differences between histone & nucleotides
2. Relaxation of Higher-Order Structures of DNA via topoisomerase to relieve supercoiling or to uncoil
3. Unwinding the double helix via helicase then SSB proteins to stabilize strands
4. Primers/Primases to add RNA primers
5. DNA Polymerase III to build upon primers then Pol I to replace RNA primer w DNA (5' to 3' end)
6. Ligase to attach okazaki fragments in the lagging strand
75
# Identify the component of replisome
unwinds the DNA double helix
helicase
76
# Identify the component of replisome
synthesizes short oligonucleotides (RNA primers)
primase
77
# Identify the component of replisome
allows the leading strand to be threaded through
clamp protein
78
# Identify the component of replisome
joins the nucleotides by adding free nucleotides in the vicinity of the replication fork to the strands
DNA Polymerase
79
# Identify the component of replisome
joins Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand
ligase
80
# Identify the component of replisome
protects the single-stranded regions from degradation during replication
| or stabilization of single strands
Single-stranded binding protein
| SSB
81
Millions of copies of selected DNA fragments can be made within a few hours with high precision by a technique called ____
Polymerase Chain Reaction
| PCR
82
Explain PCR
| own words
1. heat DNA up to 95oC to unwind double helix
2. cool to 60oC to allow primer to bind
3. heat up to 70oC to allow polymerase to fill up complementary strands
83
what do you call the bacteria where its polymerase is isolated and used in PCR?
*Thermus aquaticus*
| lives in hot springs
## Footnote
Taq DNA polymerase is used in PCR
84
What are the various DNA conformations?
- A-DNA
- B-DNA
- Z-DNA
85
Identify the RNA pyrimidine bases
- Cytosine
- Uracil
86
DNA polymerase reactions require what?
a. dUTP
b. Primers
c. dTTP
d. CO2
b & C
## Footnote
- requires primers, dna strand, all deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, and ribonucleoside triphosphates
87
What are the functions occurring in exonuclease activities?
- proofreading
- DNA repair
88
Which DNA polymerase is responsible for repairing and patching DNA?
DNA Pol I
89
Which DNA Polymerase is responsible for repairing enzymes?
DNA Pol II, IV, & V
90
Which enzyme is responsible for relaxing the DNA supercoil?
DNA gyrase
| topoisomerase other term
91
Which enzyme is responsible for creating a short section of RNA to act as a primer for DNA synthesis?
Primase
92
Which enzyme is responsible for the final linking of the DNA base pairs into the newly-formed strand?
DNA ligase
93
What do you call the proteins responsible for the stabilization of single-stranded regions by binding tightly to them?
SSB
| Single-Strand Binding proteins
94
Which enzyme promotes the unwinding of the DNA double helix by binding at the replication fork?
Helicase
95
What do you call the part of the Pol III enzyme that opens the sliding clamp and inserts the DNA chain?
| It is a pentameric enzyme of a family of ATPases called AAA+ superfam
Clamp Loader
96
Okazaki fragments latch onto what strand?
Lagging strand
97
What are the exogenous factors that lead to DNA damage?
- UV radiation
- Ionizing radiation
- Chemical agents
98
Enumerate the endogenous factors that lead to DNA damage
- Mismatched DNA bases
- Hydrolysis
- Oxidation
- Alkylation
99
What DNA excision or DNA repair mechanism fixes DNA damage from chemical agents?
Double strand breaks
## Footnote
DSB nga eong nangyayari when u add chemical/s, DNA repair mechanism should be NHEJ (Nonhomologous DNA end-joining but idk hahahha eto ans s quiz e)
100
What DNA excision or DNA repair mechanism fixes DNA damage from UV radiation?
Nucleotide excision repair
101
What DNA excision or DNA repair mechanism fixes DNA damage from hydrolysis?
Base excision repair
## Footnote
hydrolysis, alkylation, and oxidation all under BER
102
What DNA excision or DNA repair mechanism fixes DNA damage from wrongly-paired DNA bases?
Mismatched repair system
