Lipids

Question 1

How are FFA activated

Answer 1

Thioester binding

Question 2

Why are fats a higher source of energy?

Answer 2

More H+

Glucose is already partially oxidised

Question 3

What cells are involved which converts cholesterol into bile salts?

What releases bile salts?

Answer 3

Hepatic cells

Gall bladder

Question 4

What do bile salts do?

Answer 4

Solubilise ingested fats

Allows pancreatic lipases to work

Question 5

What hormone stimulates the secretion if FA?

Answer 5

Glucagon

Question 6

What Lipase is involved with mobilisation of Triaglycerols out of lipid droplet

Answer 6

Hormone sensitive lipase

Question 7

What stimulates the Hormone Sensitive Lipase?

What stimulates that?

Answer 7

PKA

Glucagon —> cAMP increase

Question 8

What do VLDL transport?

What apoprotein is on it?

Answer 8

Endogenous lipids to body tissue

1x apoB-100

Question 9

What does Chylomicron carry?

What apoproteins are on it?

Answer 9

Exogenous via lymph

B-48 /C3 /C2

Question 10

What is the role of apoC-3

Answer 10

Inhibits lipase activity

Question 11

Apo-C2

Answer 11

Activation of lipase

Question 12

Apo-E

Answer 12

Liver recognition for degradation

Question 13

What hormone stimulates LPL to go to the surface of capillaries?

Answer 13

Insulin

Question 14

What does Insulin inhibit?

Answer 14

Lipases (ATGL/HSL/MGL)

Involved with triglyceride to FA

Question 15

Why does insulin inhibit lipases?

Answer 15

Prevents FFA that came in to be ejected straight out

Prevents lipolysis

Promotes fat storage not mobilisation

Question 16

What can stimulate lipolysis (2)

Answer 16

Glucagon

Catecholamines (ANP) fasting state

Question 17

What part of Chylomicron is hydrophobic? Why?

Answer 17

Centre

Cholesterol and FA = Phobic

Question 18

What does CM contain on its surface?

Answer 18

apoB-48

Question 19

Familial hypercholesterolaemia

Answer 19

Mutation in LDL receptor

No uptake of FA

Plaque formation as LDL oxidised

Question 20

HDL originates where?

Answer 20

Liver /intestine

Question 21

What’s a role of HDL

Answer 21

Collect cholesterol from LDL /foam cells

Question 22

What does a scavenger receptor do?

Answer 22

Collects cholesterol from HDL

Question 23

What are the main roles of cholesterol

Answer 23

Membrane structure

Steroid hormones

Vit.D

Bile acids

Question 24

What converts in CYTOPLASM

Acetate —> mevalonate

What happens if this occurs in mitochondria?

Answer 24

HMG -CoA reductase

Ketone bodies form instead

Question 25

What provides all the carbons for cholesterol?

Answer 25

Acetyl CoA

Question 26

What activates the synthesis of reductase? What does it bind to?

Answer 26

SREBP Promoter region

Question 27

What is the cholesterol Sensor What happens when Cholesterol is low?

Answer 27

INSIG Cleaves SREBP

Question 28

What hormone inactivated HMG-Reductase

Answer 28

Glucagon

Question 29

What hormone stimulates cholesterol synthesis and HMG-Reductase

Answer 29

Insulin

Question 30

What is the purpose of the carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

Answer 30

Synthesize longer fatty acid chain

Question 31

Where does the carboxylation of Acetyl CoA occur?

Answer 31

Cytoplasm

Question 32

How is the Acetyl CoA transported to the cytoplasm?

Answer 32

Acetyl + Oxaloacetate =Citrate Citrate transporter out of mitochondria Citrate Lyase reconverts it back to Acetyl-CoA

Question 33

Whats the first step of Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

Answer 33

Malonyl Group + Acetyl-CoA Condensation Reaction C

Question 34

Whats the 2nd stage of Carboxylation?

Answer 34

Reduction reaction NADPH adds electron R

Question 35

Whats the 3rd stage of Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

Answer 35

Dehydration (Dehydrogenase) D

Question 36

Whats the 4th stage of Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

Answer 36

Reduction reaction NADPH adds electron R

Question 37

Whats the acronym for remember the carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

Answer 37

C R D R

Question 38

What enzyme is used in Carboxylation of Acetyl CoA

Answer 38

Fatty acid synthase

Question 39

Addition of other CoA to form 16C occurs how many times

Answer 39

7x

Question 40

16C

Answer 40

Palmitate

Question 41

Where are electron donors come from?

Answer 41

Phosphate pentode pathway

Question 42

Where are the ATP from?

Answer 42

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 43

Where are the ACoA from?

Answer 43

Krebs

Question 44

How many are used in Palmitate synthesis? ATP? ACoA NADPH

Answer 44

7ATP 8ACoA 14NADPH

Question 45

What hormones can Palmitate form?

Answer 45

Eicosanoid hormones

Question 46

Where does Palmitate form longer FA Why?

Answer 46

SER / Mitochondria Mixed function Oxidase is located

Question 47

What are the 4 main sources of Triacyclglycerol?

Answer 47

Pyruvate Glucose FA Glycerol

Question 48

L-Gylcerol 3-P = Diacyglycerol 3-P

Answer 48

Acetyl transferase 2xACoA 2ATP

Question 49

Diacylglycerol 3-P can form two things?

Answer 49

Glycerophospholipid (membrane) Diacyglycerol

Question 50

Diacyglycerol 3-P to form Diacyglycerol is what type of reaction

Answer 50

Hydrolysis

Question 51

Diacyglycerol to form Triacylglycerol is what type of reaction

Answer 51

Transestification

Question 52

How is activated Acyl-CoA moved into Mitochondria

Answer 52

Carinitine Shuttle

Question 53

How is the Carinitine Shuttle regulated by?

Answer 53

Manoyl CoA

Question 54

Which enzyme adds Carnitine and Activated Acetyl CoA together?

Answer 54

Carnitine Acyltransferase 1

Question 55

Whats the acronym for B-Oxidation

Answer 55

O H O T

Question 56

What type of enzymes do Oxidation reactions

Answer 56

Dehydrogenase

Question 57

What does the first step of B-oxidation produce?

Answer 57

FADH2 1.5ATP

Question 58

What does the third step of B-Oxidation produce?

Answer 58

NADH 2.5ATP

Question 59

What does the last stage of B-Oxidation produce

Answer 59

Acetyl-CoA (For Krebs) 2 Less carbon Fatty acid

Question 60

How many ATP are produced without the use of Acetyl CoA in Palmitic Acid? Why?

Answer 60

28ATP Cycle occurs 7x 4ATP / cycle

Question 61

How many ATP are made from Acetyl CoA from Palmitic Acid? Why?

Answer 61

80ATP 1ACoA = 10ATP Cycle 8x = 80ATP

Question 62

What is the net ATP from Palmitic Acid?

Answer 62

106ATP 108ATP made 2ATP for Acyl-CoA synthase

Question 63

How much ATP is made from Glycerol?

Answer 63

18.5 8.5. 10 Glycerol ——-> ACoA ——> citric Acid

Question 64

Name an Unsaturated Fat

Answer 64

Oleate

Question 65

What is need for Boxidation of a unsaturated fat?

Answer 65

Isomerase Reductase

Question 66

What does the isomerase do?

Answer 66

Change bond from Cis to trans Allows hydratase to work

Question 67

Name a polyunsaturated fat

Answer 67

Linoleate

Question 68

What does reductase do?

Answer 68

Adds electron to double bond Converts Trans-Cis —> Trans

Question 69

Why do polyunsaturated fats produce 1.4% less energy

Answer 69

Skips first stage of B-Oxidation No FADH2 made

Question 70

High glucose levels means what for B-Oxidation Why?

Answer 70

No B-Oxidation As Malonyl CoA is high MCoA regulates C.Acyltransferase 1

Question 71

Name 3 ketone bodies

Answer 71

Acetoacetate D-B- hydroxybutyrate Acetone

Question 72

What do ketone bodies allow?

Answer 72

Continuous oxidation of FA

Question 73

When are ketone bodies used?

Answer 73

Oxaloacetate is in short supply due to starvation

Question 74

What can ketone bodies lead to

Answer 74

Acidosis/ketosis

Question 75

What can acetone be used for (ketone body)

Answer 75

Lungs