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CardioPulm Pre-Midterm > Lipids and Lipoproteins > Flashcards

Lipids and Lipoproteins Flashcards

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1
Q

Major storage form of fatty acids are:

A

Triacylglycerols

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2
Q

Sources of Triacylglycerol

A

Dietary and de Novo (liver hepatocytes and adipocytes)

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3
Q

Progression of TG synthesis in Intestinal Cells

A

Dietary triacylglycerols → FA’s → Fatty acyl CoA → Diacylglycerol (DAG) → Triacylglycerol (TG) + apolipoproteins + other lipids → Chylomicron

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4
Q

What enzyme converts fatty acids to fatty acyl CoA?

A

fatty acyl CoA synthetase

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5
Q

Progression of TG synthesis from glucose in Hepatocytes

A

Glucose (via glycolysis) → DHAP + NADH → Glycerol-3-P

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6
Q

What enzyme is specific to TG synthesis in hepatocytes?

A

Glycerol kinase

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7
Q

Progression of TG synthesis from glycerol in Hepatocytes

A

Glycerol (free floating) + ATP + Glycerol kinase → Glycerol-3-P

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8
Q

Progression of TG synthesis de novo in Hepatocytes

A

Acetyl CoA (via de novo fatty acid synthesis) → fatty acid (enzyme fatty acyl CoA synthetase uses ATP to add CoA)→Triacylglyerol + apolipoproteins + other lipids→VLDL

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9
Q

VLDL stands for:

A

Very Low Density Lipolipids

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10
Q

What glucose membrane transporter imports glucose into adipocytes?

A

GLUT4

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11
Q

Chylomicron and VLDL + ?? lipase produces fatty acid

A

capillary lipoprotein lipase

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12
Q

Progression of TG synthesis from chylomicrons and VLDL in adipocytes

A

Via action of enzyme capillary lipoprotein lipase: Chylomicrons + VLDL (from intestinal and liver pathways) → fatty acid → Triacylglycerol (stored here in adipocytes)

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13
Q

Capillary lipoprotein lipase is stimulated by what hormone?

A

Insulin

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14
Q

DHAP (from glycolysis) becomes Glycerol 3-Phosphate via what adipocyte based dehydrogenase?

A

Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

Breakdown of triacylglycerol occurs in

A

adipocytes

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16
Q

Promoters of triacylglycerol breakdown:

A

glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine

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17
Q

Inhibitor of triacylglycerol breakdown:

A

insulin

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18
Q

Which enzyme releases one fatty acid from triacylglycerol?

A

Hormone - sensitive lipase

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19
Q

Which enzyme releases one fatty acid from diacylglycerol?

A

Lipoprotein lipase

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20
Q

Which enzyme releases one fatty acid from monoacylglycerol?

A

Monoacyl-glycerol lipase

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21
Q

What is the product molecule following removal of all three fatty acids?

A

Glycerol

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22
Q

Short chain fatty acids are released into what? Where do they go?

A

Into blood stream and then the liver

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23
Q

Longer-chain fatty acids are bound to what and go where?

A

They are bound to albumin and go to the liver

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24
Q

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is activated via phosphorylation by what kinase?

A

PKA

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25
PKA is activated by what?
Glucagon and epinephrine via cAMP and a GPCR signaling cascade
26
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is inactivated via dephosphorylation by what phosphatase?
Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)
27
Protein phosphatase 1 is activated by what hormone?
Insulin
28
What is perilipin and why does anyone care?
Perilipin is a family of proteins that coat lipid droplets in adipocytes and muscle cells. They are a target of obesity treatment.
29
What do perilipins do?
They regulate lipolysis by controlling physical access of hormone-sensitive lipase to the fatty acids
30
The phosphorylation of perilipin allows what?
Phosphorylation allows Hormone-sensitive lipase access to fatty acids. Promotes lipolysis.
31
What phosphorylates perilipin?
PKA!
32
Olestra is what?
A synthetic fat
33
Olestra is made of what?
a sucrose backbone with 6-8 fatty acids
34
What was the point of olestra?
It is not absorbed in small intestine, therefore has no caloric value. Used as a fat substitute.
35
What was the problem with olestra?
ANAL LEAKAGE. Also, too much of it caused deficiency of vitamins A,D,E and K.
36
What are lipoproteins?
Proteins responsible for the transportation of cholesterol, triacylglycerols and fat soluble vitamins
37
How many different types of lipoproteins are there?
5
38
What are the five types of lipoproteins?
Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL
39
Give three distinguishing characteristics of Chylomicrons
Of the lipoproteins, they are the: Largest, Least dense and have the highest triacylglycerol content
40
What apolipoproteins proteins are located in a Chylomicron?
ApoB-48, ApoC-II and ApoE
41
What apolipoproteinsproteins are located in VLDL?
ApoB-100, ApoC-II and ApoE
42
What apolipoproteinsproteins are located in IDL?
ApoB-100 and ApoE
43
What apolipoproteinsproteins are located in LDL?
ApoB-100
44
Is LDL a good or bad cholesterol particle?
Bad
45
Is HDL a good or bad cholesterol particle?
Good
46
What apolipoproteinsproteins are located in HDL?
ApoA-I, ApoC-II, Apo-E
47
Three properties of HDL:
Smallest, most dense and has high protein and phospholipid content
48
What are the three main roles of apolipoproteins?
Structural, transport and enzyme cofactors
49
Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia is also know as:
Hyperchylomicronemia
50
Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia is characterized by:
Inability to hydrolyze triacylglycerols in chylomicrons and VLDLs
51
What causes Type I hyperlipoproteinemia?
Deficiency in either: Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or ApoC-II
52
How many forms of LPL deficiency are there?
Two, Primary LPL deficiency and ApoC-II deficiency
53
When does primary LPL deficiency manifest?
In infancy
54
When does ApoC-II deficiency manifest?
Post-adolescence
55
Typer I hyperlipoproteinemia is characterized by triacylglycerol levels of what?
>1000 mg/dL
56
What are three clinical symptoms of Type I hyperlipoproteinemia?
Abdominal pain, acute pancreatitis and cutaneous eruptive xanthomas
57
What is a treatment of Type I hyperlipoproteinemia?
Low fat diet
58
Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia is also know as:
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
59
What causes Type II hyperlipoproteinemia?
Defects in uptake of LDL via LDL receptor
60
What does Type II hyperlipoproteinemia present with?
Increased cholesterol in blood and subsequent atherosclerosis
61
Type II hyperlipoproteinemia causes impaired ability to recognize which apolipoprotein?
ApoB 100 on LDL
62
Type II hyperlipoproteinemia is what type of inheritance?
Autosomal dominant
63
Normal cholesterol levels are:
130-200 mg/dL
64
Heterozygous LDL receptor mutation cholesterol levels:
300-500 mg/dL
65
Homozygous LDL receptor mutation cholesterol levels:
>800 mg/dL
66
What do Type II hyperlipoproteinemia homozygous mutants die of if untreated? And when?
Coronary artery disease before teenage years
67
What do Type II hyperlipoproteinemia heterozygous mutants die of if untreated? And when?
Coronary artery disease by age 40
68
Physical symptoms Type II hyperlipoproteinemia:
Xanthomas, arcus senilis, corneal deposits in eye, angina pectoris
69
What treatment do Type II hyperlipoproteinemia heterozygous mutants respond to?
Diet, statins and bile acid binding resins
70
What treatment do Type II hyperlipoproteinemia homozygous mutants respond to?
LDL apheresis and liver transplantation
71
What is the relationship between HDL cholesterol and Coronary artery disease?
More HDL cholesterol is correlated with less coronary artery disease
72
HDL has anti______ and anti_____ properties
antioxidant and antiinflammatory
73
HDL levels increase with:
weight loss, exercise, smoking cessation and moderate consumption of alcohol
74
Antihypercholesteremic drugs, fibrates, niacin, antidiabetic thiazolidine drugs, estrogens, omega 3 fatty acids do what to HDL-C levels?
Increase them
75
Smoking, progestins, androgens, beta blockers and high intake of omega-6/poly unsaturated fatty acids do what to HDL levels?
Decrease them
76
What are statins?
Cholesterol lowering drugs
77
Statins mimic what?
Structure of HMG CoA and Mevalonate
78
What do statins do?
They competitively inhibit HMG CoA reductase, causing reduced cholesterol levels

CardioPulm Pre-Midterm (14 decks)

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