Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Pathway of a typical reflex arc is:

Answer 1

AP from periphery → afferent neuron → dorsal root of spinal cord → ventral root of spinal cord → efferent neuron (motoneuron) → AP to periphery

Question 2

Nociceptors are what kind of receptors?

Answer 2

Pain receptors

Question 3

Smooth muscle does or does not have motorneurons?

Answer 3

Does not

Question 4

Autonomic Nervous System reflexes happen within what regions of the brain?

Answer 4

Lower regions (brainstem, hypothalamus)

Question 5

The ANS is used to control what part of the body?

Answer 5

The viscera - the autonomic system

Question 6

Sensory information travels along a what and goes to where?

Answer 6

Afferent neuron to the CNS

Question 7

The efferent side of the ANS relays messages to what?

Answer 7

Effectors

Question 8

What are effectors for the ANS?

Answer 8

Smooth muscle, glands

Question 9

What are not effectors for the ANS?

Answer 9

Skeletal muscle

Question 10

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 10

The sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Question 11

The sympathetic division does:

Answer 11

fight or flight

Question 12

The parasympathetic division does:

Answer 12

rest and digest

Question 13

The ANS always has how many neurons in its pathway to an effector?

Answer 13

Two

Question 14

The ANS always has how many synapses in its pathway to an effector?

Answer 14

Two

Question 15

The first neuron in the ANS pathway is called the what?

Answer 15

Pre-ganglionic neuron

Question 16

Where does the pre-ganglionic neuron start?

Answer 16

The CNS

Question 17

Map the pathway of a pre-ganglionic neuron:

Answer 17

CNS. Leaves CNS. Travels to ganglion. Synapses on second neuron in pathway.

Question 18

What is a ganglion?

Answer 18

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies. Is the location where the pre-ganglionic axon synapses on the post-ganglionic neuron.

Question 19

Where does the post-ganglionic neuron travel after the ganglion?

Answer 19

To the target organ to synapse all over it

Question 20

What are three ways of distinguishing between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems?

Answer 20

Where the pre-ganglion leaves the CNS, the location of the ganglion and the lengths of the pre and post ganglionic axons

Question 21

Where do the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons leave the CNS?

Answer 21

from the cranial and sacral divisions of the CNS

Question 22

Where is the parasympathetic ganglion located?

Answer 22

In or on the target tissue

Question 23

If the parasympathetic ganglion is located in or on the target tissue, then the parasympathetic PRE-ganglionic axon must be: short or long?

Answer 23

LONG

Question 24

If the parasympathetic ganglion is located in or on the target tissue, then the parasympathetic POST-ganglionic axon must be: short or long?

Answer 24

SHORT

Question 25

Where do the sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons leave the CNS?

Answer 25

thoracic and lumbar divisions of the CNS

Question 26

What is PLS?

Answer 26

PLS = Parasympathetic, long then short

Question 27

Where is the sympathetic ganglion?

Answer 27

Either: the sympathetic chain (paravertebral) OR the mesenteric OR the celiac ganglia

Question 28

If the sympathetic ganglion is located so close to the vertebral column, then the sympathetic PRE-ganglionic axon must be: short or long?

Answer 28

SHORT

Question 29

If the sympathetic ganglion is located so close to the vertebral column, then the sympathetic POST-ganglionic axon travel a short or long distance to its target tissue?

Answer 29

LONG

Question 30

What is SSL?

Answer 30

Sympathetic, Short, Long

Question 31

What is the NT from the parasympathetic pre-ganglion?

Answer 31

Acetylcholine

Question 32

Acetylcholine binds to what receptor in post-synaptic parasympathetic ganglia?

Answer 32

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Question 33

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors allow what ion to pass through? This results in IPSP or EPSP in the post-synaptic ganglioc cell?

Answer 33

Sodium and EPSPs. Producing an AP

Question 34

ANS nerves have what kind of junctions that differ from skeletal muscle junctions?

Answer 34

Varicosities

Question 35

If I was a varicosity on the pre-synaptic, parasympathetic axon, I would have what NT inside me?

Answer 35

Acetylcholine

Question 36

How much NT leakage into systemic circulation do we have with varicosities in the ANS?

Answer 36

Substantial

Question 37

What kind of acetlycholine receptor is found on the effector cell following the post-synaptic neuron?

Answer 37

Muscarinic acetlycholine receptors

Question 38

Muscarinic acetlycholine receptors differ from nicotinic acetylcholine receptors how?

Answer 38

mAchRs are serpentine receptors or G-protein coupled receptors

Question 39

Muscarinic receptor 2 (M2) is where and does what?

Answer 39

M2 is a cardiac receptor and is Gi-coupled, which means it decreases cAMP concentration, which in turn increases K+ conductance (K+ out)

Question 40

Muscarinic receptor 3 (M3) is where and does what?

Answer 40

M3: (widely distributed in body): Gq coupled, which means it produces IP3 and DAG which ultimately increases intracellular Ca++

Question 41

Muscarinic receptor 4 (M4) are where and do what?

Answer 41

M4 (autoreceptors on neurons): Gi-coupled -decrease | cAMP which leads to a decrease Ach release

Question 42

What NT is released by pre-ganglionic fiber in sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 42

Acetylcholine

Question 43

What NT is released by POST-ganglionic fiber in sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 43

Norepinephrine = adrenaline

Question 44

How many receptor types are there for norepinephrine?

Answer 44

Two types, alpha-adrenergic (with several subdivisions) and beta-adrenergic receptors (with three subdivisions)

Question 45

α-adrenergic receptors have a higher or lower affinity for norepinephrine than epinephrine

Answer 45

Higher affinity for norepinephrine

Question 46

β-adrenergic receptors have a higher or lower affinity for norepinephrine than epinephrine

Answer 46

Higher affinity for epinephrine

Question 47

Where is epinephrine produced?

Answer 47

Within the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

Question 48

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine in response to what NT from what system (parasympathetic or sympathetic)?

Answer 48

acetylcholine from sympathetic signaling

Question 49

The Radial muscle (iris) has what receptor?

Answer 49

α-adrenergic (contracts muscle to dilate pupils)

Question 50

The Ciliary muscle (lens) has what receptor?

Answer 50

β2-adrenergic (relaxes muscle flattens lens = allow distant vision)

Question 51

The heart has what kind of receptor?

Answer 51

β2-adrenergic (increases strength/rate of contraction)

Question 52

In general, α receptors cause contraction of vascular | smooth muscle and lead to vasoconstriction, true or false

Answer 52

True

Question 53

In general, β receptors cause relaxation of vascular | smooth muscle and lead to vasodilation, true or false

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Bronchial SM has what receptors which increase or decrease bronchodilation?

Answer 54

β2-adrenergic receptors to relax the SM and allow more air intake. Causes bronchodilation

Question 55

Bronchial glands have what receptors which increase or decrease mucal secretions?

Answer 55

β2-adrenergic receptors which increase secretions and increase humidified air intake

Question 56

The sphincters in the GI tract have what receptors in order to increase sphincter tone?

Answer 56

Alpha-1 adrenergics

Question 57

The liver has what receptors in order to increase glucose release?

Answer 57

alpha 1 and beta-2 adrenergics

Question 58

Adipose tissue has what receptors in order to increase free fatty acide release?

Answer 58

alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-3 adrenergics

Question 59

If no effect is seen in parasympathetics this is because we:

Answer 59

don't have parasympathetic receptors there

Question 60

Action of parasympathetic system is signaled through what receptors?

Answer 60

muscarinic acetlycholine receptors