lipids as signalling molecules

Question 1

autocrine

Answer 1

self

Question 2

juxacrine

Answer 2

touching neighbor

Question 3

paracrine

Answer 3

close by cell, neighbor

Question 4

endocrine

Answer 4

through blood

Question 5

how does IP3 stimulate glycogen breakdown?

Answer 5

released Ca2+ binds to calmodulin which activates glycogen phosphorylase ( glycogen to glucose)

Question 6

ceramides stabilize

Answer 6

“lipid rafts”

Question 7

sphingomyelin insulate?

Answer 7

nerve axons

Question 8

arachidonate is released from?

Answer 8

phospholipase A2

Question 9

what is phospholipase A2 inhibited by?

Answer 9

prednisone ( used for asthma)

Question 10

leukotrienes

Answer 10

airway and smooth muscle

Question 11

NSAIDS

Answer 11

inhibit cycloxinegase enzymes

Question 12

eicosanoids act as

Answer 12

paracrine signals

Question 13

sterol lipids act as

Answer 13

hormones, carried in blood by carrier protiens

mostly affect cellular transcription through nuclear receptors

Question 14

prenol lipids ( such as beta-carotene) act as

Answer 14

hormones and pigments

Question 15

nuclear recpetors involved in prenol lipids?

Answer 15

retinoic acid receptor and retinoic X receptor

Question 16

tocopherols

Answer 16

act as cofactors

Question 17

examples of tocopherols

Answer 17

vit k, vit e, warfarrin, ubiquinone, plastoquinnone

Question 18

what does warfarrin do?

Answer 18

inhibits prothombin

Question 19

what does vitamin E do?

Answer 19

reacts with O2 radicals

Question 20

what does vitamin K do?

Answer 20

cofactor for prothombin

Question 21

hydrolysis of PIP2 is done by? and produces?

Answer 21

phospholypase C and produces IP3 and DAG

Question 22

phosphorylation of PIP2 is done by? and produces?

Answer 22

PI3kinase and produces PIP3

Question 23

blood type- A-antigen

Answer 23

N-acetylgalactosamine

Question 24

blood type- B antigen

Answer 24

galactose