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LIPIDS (MOD 2) > LIPIDS MAIN PT. 2 > Flashcards

LIPIDS MAIN PT. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

used for Alzheimer’s disease, age-related decline in mental function, improving thinking skills in young people, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, preventing exercise-induced stress, and improving athletic performance

A

Phosphatidylserine(PS)

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2
Q

acts as ‘chaperone’ to help the membrane proteins correctly fold their tertiary structures so that they can function properly

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)(cephalin)

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3
Q

means less than 0.5g of fat per serving

A

Fat free

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4
Q

DPPC

A

dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine
dipalmitoyl lecithin

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5
Q

major lipid component of lung surfactant—the extracellular fluid layer lining the alveoli

A

Phosphatidylcholine (PC)(lecithin)

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6
Q

FATS/OIL:
Lower melting points

A

OIL

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7
Q

signals transmission across membranes

A

Phosphatidylinositol (PI)

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8
Q

comprises ~7%–15% of the total phospholipid of pulmonary surfactant although major role has not yet been defined

A

PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL (PG)

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9
Q

FATS/OIL:
“Bends” chain causing the molecule incapable of close packing

A

OIL

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10
Q

Two molecules of PA esterified through their phosphate groups to an additional molecule of glycerol

A

Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)

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11
Q

diphosphatidylglycero

A

Cardiolipin

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12
Q

FATS/OIL:
Mono and polyunsaturated compounds predominates

A

OIL

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13
Q

found in bacteria and eukaryotes virtually exclusive to the inner mitochondrial membrane, required for the maintenance of certain respiratory complexes of the electron transport chain

A

Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)

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14
Q

antigenic, and is recognized by antibodies raised against Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis

A

Cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycero)

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15
Q

FATS/OIL:
Obtained from plants

A

OIL

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16
Q

bacterium that causes syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

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17
Q

When the fatty acid at carbon 1 of a glycerophospholipid is replaced by an unsaturated alkyl group attached by an ether (rather than by an ester) linkage to the core glycerol molecule

A

Plasmalogens

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18
Q

FATS/OIL:
Liquid at room temp

A

OIL

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19
Q

Similar in structure to phosphatidyl ethanol amine, now phosphatidalcholine

A

Plasmalogens

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20
Q

Other quantitative ether lipid in mammal

A

Plasmalogens

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21
Q

FATS/OIL:
Higher melting point

A

FAT

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22
Q

PAF

A

Platelet-activating factor

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23
Q

unusual ether glycero -phospholipid, with a saturated alkyl group in an ether link to carbon 1 and an acetyl residue (rather than a fatty acid) at carbon 2 of the glycerol backbone

A

Platelet-activating factor

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24
Q

FATS/OIL:
“Linearity” of fatty acids causing the molecule to be closely packed

A

FATS

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25
triggers potent thrombotic and acute inflammatory events
Platelet-activating factor
26
activates inflammatory cells and mediates hypersensitivity, acute inflammatory, and anaphylactic reactions
Platelet-activating factor
27
FATS/OIL: Saturated compounds predominates
FATS
28
causes platelets to aggregate and degranulate, and neutrophils and alveolar macrophages to generate superoxide radicals
Platelet-activating factor
29
a lipid that contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group
Sphingophospholipids
30
FATS/OIL: Obtained from animal sources
FATS
31
Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol esterified to the phosphate group is choline
Sphingomyelins
32
found in all cell membranes and are important structural components of the myelin sheath, the protective and insulating coating that surrounds nerves
Sphingomyelins
33
means 3g or less fat per 50g serving
Low fat
34
lipid that contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate (mono or oligosaccharide) component attached to a sphingosine molecule
SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
35
Ceramide-glucose or glucocerebroside – intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the more complex glycosphingolipids
Cerebrosides
36
means at least 25% less fat per serving than the regular food
Reduce fat or less fat
37
TYPES OF SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS or GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS
1) Neutral glycosphingolipids 2) Acidic glycosphingolipids
38
Ceramide-galactose or galactocerebroside – most common cerebroside found in myelin
Cerebrosides
39
Types of Neutral glycosphingolipids
1) Cerebrosides 2) Globosides
40
means less than 0.5 kilo calories per serving
Calorie free
41
a ceramide that contain a single monosaccharide unit—either glucose or galactose
Cerebrosides
42
lipid that contains one or more fatty acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
43
ceramide oligosaccharide
Globosides
44
most common cerebroside found in myelin
Ceramide-galactose or galactocerebroside
45
lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group
Glycerophospholipids or Glycerophosphatides
46
occur primarily in the brain
Cerebrosides
47
intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the more complex glycosphingolipids
Ceramide-glucose or glucocerebroside
48
kinds of GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES (Phosphatidic acid + alcohol)
1) Phosphatidylserine(PS) 2) Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (cephalin) 3) Phosphatidylcholine (PC)(lecithin) 4) Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 5) Phosphatidylglycerol (PG)
49
simplest sphingoglycolipids
Cerebrosides
50
a type of glycosphingolipid with more than one sugar as the side chain (or R group) of ceramide
Globosides
51
Phosphatidic acid + alcohol
GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES
52
cholesterol–protein combinations
lipoproteins
53
90% drugs are transported across biologic membranes
Passive
54
lactosylceramide
Globosides
55
LIPOPROTEIN : Protein carrier system
1) LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein 2) HDL or High Density Lipoprotein 3) VLDL or Very Low Density Lipoprotein 4) CHYLOMICRONS
56
molecules that crosses: O2, N2, H2O, CO2,urea, and ethanol
Passive
57
additional monosaccharides can include substitute sugar such as N-acetylgalactosamine
Globosides
57
considered the “BAD” cholesterol, and has been linked to atherosclerosis
LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein
58
Uses protein carrier
Facilitated Active
59
negatively charged at physiologic pH, provided by N- acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) (a sialic acid) in ganglioside or by sulphate groups in sulfatides
Acidic glycosphingolipids
60
carry cholesterol from the liver to various cells or tissues of the body
LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein
61
precipitation of crystallized cholesterol from the bile and the resulting formation of THIS in the gallbladder
GALLSTONES
62
aka sulfoglycosphingolipids or sulphated cerebrosides
Sulfatides
63
a major cholesterol transport protein which comprises 60% to 70% of total serum cholesterol
LDL or Low Density Lipoprotein
64
a fluid containing emulsifying agents that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine during digestion
BILE
65
contain one or more residues of NANA
Gangliosides
66
contain a branched chain of up to seven monosaccharide residues since it’s a derivative of ceramide oligosaccharide
Gangliosides
67
considered the “GOOD” cholesterol, and elevated HDL levels are associated with a decreased risk for CHD
HDL or High Density Lipoprotein
67
medium through which bile acids are supplied to the small intestine
BILE
68
responsible for transport of 20% to 30% of serum cholesterol
HDL or High Density Lipoprotein
68
Bile acids that are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions
BILE SALTS
69
residues occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath or in the ganglion cells of the CNS particularly in nerve endings
Gangliosides
70
carry excess cholesterol from body tissues back to the liver for degradation to bile acids
HDL or High Density Lipoprotein
71
always carry an amino acid (either glycine or taurine) attached to the side-chain carboxyl group via an amide linkage
BILE ACIDS
72
other names for sulfatides
sulfoglycosphingolipids or sulphated cerebrosides
73
transport triacylglycerols from the liver to adipose tissue
VLDL or Very Low Density Lipoprotein
74
transport dietary triacylglycerols from the intestines to the liver and adipose tissue
CHYLOMICRONS
75
Has sulfate group in galactose
Sulfatides
76
a form of cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of plaque along the inner walls of arteries
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
77
a cholesterol derivative that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous environment of the digestive tract
BILE ACID
78
found predominantly in the brain and kidneys
Sulfatides
78
a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous-based interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
79
Cholesterol derivatives that function as emulsifying agents that facilitate the absorption of dietary lipids in the intestine
bile acids
80
a lysosomal lipid storage disease due to the partial or total missing of the specific lysosomal enzyme acid hydrolase needed for the synthesis of glycosphingolipids
Sphingolipodoses
81
controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
82
substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal particles in an aqueous solution
Emulsifier
83
C27 steroid ,steroid alcohol, molecule that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid-based lipids
CHOLESTEROL
83
a two-layer-thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle of the structure and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure
LIPID BILAYER
84
drug binds with an intrinsic factor carrier like vitamin B12
Facilitated
85
Typically, 800–1000 mg are biosynthesized each day
CHOLESTEROL
86
does not use protein carrier
Passive
86
molecules that crosses: Glucose, chloride ion, and bicarbonate ion
Facilitated
87
most abundant steroid in the human body (cell membrane up to 25% by mass), in nerve tissue, in brain tissue (about 10% by dry mass)
CHOLESTEROL
88
molecules that crosses: Sodium, potassium, and hydronium ions
Active
88
every ____mL of human blood plasma contains _____mg free cholesterol and about ___mg of cholesterol is esterified with various fatty acids
100 mL, 500 mg, 170 mg
89
does not need energy
Passive Facilitated
90
HIGH conc. → LOW conc.
Passive Facilitated
91
LOW conc. → HIGH conc.
Active
92
5-10% of drugs are transported this way
Active
92
LIMITED WATER SOLUBILITY: due to the lack of a large polar head group. The --OH group on carbon 3 is considered the head of the molecule
CHOLESTEROL

LIPIDS (MOD 2) (5 decks)

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