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Chemistry 2nd Year > Lipids - PP > Flashcards

Lipids - PP Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids physical properties:

A
  • soluble in nonpolar solvents

- insoluble in water

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2
Q

How are certain polyunsaturated fatty acids provided?

A

However, certain polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential in metabolism, must be provided in the diets.

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3
Q

Examples of sphingolipids:

A
  • Sphingomyelin

- Cerebroside

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4
Q

Where de we get saturated triacylglycerols from?

A

The saturated triacylglycerols of the body can be synthesized from all three major foodstuffs: proteins, carbohydrates, and fats or oils.

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5
Q

Lipids e.g:

A
  • Carboxylic acid (or “fatty acids”)
  • Glyceryl Trialknoates (neutral fats)
  • Phospholipids
  • Glycolipids
  • Waxes
  • Terpenes
  • Steroids
  • Prostaglandines
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6
Q

Propane-1,2,3-triol = ?

A

Glycerol

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7
Q

How many alcohols does the glycerol have?

A

3

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8
Q

Triester = ?

A

Triglycerides

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9
Q

How is triester formed?

A

Glycerol and palmitic acid

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10
Q

Carboxylic acid

A
  • usually have unbranched hydrocarbon chains
  • 16 or 18 carbon atoms
  • called fatty acid
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11
Q

Traditional name: Palmitic acid

A

Origin of name: Palm oil

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12
Q

Traditional name: Stearic acid

A

Origin of name: Suet (stear)

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13
Q

Traditional name: oleic acid

A

Origin of name: olive oil

- have two dobble bonds

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14
Q

Traditional name: Linoleic acid

A

Origin of name: oil of flax

- have two dobble bonds

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15
Q

Glyceryl trialkanoates = ?

A
  • triacylglyceols
  • triglycerides
  • glycerides
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16
Q

How are fat and fatty oil in room temperature?

A
  • fat are solid

- oils are liquid

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17
Q

Are most of the naturally occuring fats and oils homogenous triglycerides?

A

Nope

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18
Q

Vegetable oils are ________

A

Liquid

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19
Q

Animal fats are ________

A

Solids

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20
Q

How is the meltingpoint for unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids?

A
  • the unsaturated fatty acid have loweer melting point than the saturated fatty acids. That is because that the unsaturated fatty acids are loosely packed compared to the saturated ones, which means that less energy is needed to melt the triglyceride.
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21
Q

How do we produce solid fats?

A

Hydrogenation

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22
Q

Triglycerides can undergo __________ and _______

A

Hydrogenation and saponification

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23
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Hydrogenation of oil produces a solid fat

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24
Q

Saponification = ?

A

Alkaline hydrolysis

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25
Q

Saponification is;

A

Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of triglycerols produces glycerol and mixture of salt of long chain carboxylic acid

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26
Q

Where can triglycerols be found?

A

Adipose tissue

27
Q

Where are phospholipids derived from?

A

They are derived from a glycerol derivative known as phosphatidic acid, in which two hydroxyl groups of glycerol are joined in ester linkages to fatty acids and one terminal hydroxyl group is joined in a ester linkage to phosphoric acid

28
Q

Where is sphingolipids derived from?

A

Sphingosine

29
Q

Give examples of sphinolipids:

A
  • sphingomyelin

- cerebroside

30
Q

What does the hydrolysis of sphinomyelin yield?

A
  • Sphingosine
  • Choline
  • Phosphoric acid
  • 22-C lignoceric acid
31
Q

The cerebroside is ______

A

A glycolipid

32
Q

What makes up myelin?

A

Sphingolipids, together with protein and polysaccharides, make up myelin.

33
Q

How is the melting point of the waxes compared to the triglicerydes?

A

The melting points of waxses are higher than those of triglicerydes.

34
Q

What is resistant to saponification and why?

A

Waxes. Because of their extensive hydrocarbon content

35
Q

What are waxes?

A

They are simple monoesters formed from long-chain fatty acid and long-chain alcohol.

36
Q

Beeswax= ?

A

Carnauba wax

37
Q

Cetul palmitate is from _____

A

Spermaceti

38
Q

What is the wax screted from the preen glands kf waterflow consist of?

A
  • esters of 1-octadecanol

- branched-chained fatty acids such as 2,4,6,8-tetramethyloctanoic acid

39
Q

What secretes wax by preen glands?

A

Ducks and geese

40
Q

How many C atoms does the Monoterpenes have?

A

10

41
Q

How many C atoms does the Sesquiterpenes have?

A

15

42
Q

How many C atoms does the Diterpenes have?

A

20

43
Q

How many C atoms does the Triterpenes have?

A

30

44
Q

Terpenoids

A

Oxygen-containing compounds

45
Q

Terpenes

A

Hydrocarbons

46
Q

What is terpenes build from?

A

Terpenes are built up from two or more fibe carbon units known as isoprene units know as isoprene units

47
Q

Isopren

A

Is 2methyl-1,3butadiene

48
Q

NB!!!

A

The structure of isoprene units and isoprene is NOT the same

49
Q

Do the plants synthesize terpenes from isoprene?

A

No

50
Q

Monoterpene = ?

A

Myrcene

51
Q

Sesquiterpene = ?

A

“Alpha”-farnescene

52
Q

How many isoprene units does the monoterpene (myrcene) have?

A

They have two isoprene units

53
Q

How many isoprene units does the sesquiterpene (-farnesene) have?

A

They have three isoprene units

54
Q

How are the isoprene linked?

A
  • Head to tail

- Linked in rings

55
Q

Carotenes are ___________

A

Tetraterpenes

56
Q

Where are carotenes present?

A

In almost all green plants

57
Q

What are the precusors of vitamin A and how are they converted to vitamin A?

A

All three carotenes serve as precusors for Vitamin A, for they all can be converted to vitamin by enzymes in the liver.

58
Q

One molecule carotene =

A

Two molecules of Vitamin A(retinol)

59
Q

Steroids are derivatives of:

A

Thenfollowingnperhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene ring system.

60
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is the most occuring steroid.

61
Q

Where can we find cholesterol?

A

We can find them in the gallstones

62
Q

What steroid can be isolated from yeast?

A

Ergosterol (vitamin D2)

63
Q

What are prostglandins?

A

They are C-20-carboxylic acid that contain five-membered ring, at least one double bond, and several oxygen containing groups.

64
Q

What are the names if the most biologically active prosthlandins?

A

Prostglandin E2 and Prostglandin F1

Chemistry 2nd Year (14 decks)

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