Monosaccharides PP - DONE

Question 1

What does the carbohydrate consist of?

Answer 1

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen

Question 2

What is more accuratly to view them asm structurally?

Answer 2

Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones

Question 3

What is the atom ratio for hydrogen and oxygen in carbohydrates?

Answer 3

2:1

Question 4

Carbohydrates are divided into 4 chemical groups:

Answer 4

1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Oligosaccharides
4. Polysaccharides

Question 5

Monosaccharides and disaccharides:

Answer 5

• lower molecular weight

- referred to as sugars

Question 6

Polysaccharides

Answer 6

Serve for the storage of energy (starch and glycogen) and as structural components (cellulose in plants)

Question 7

Ribose

Answer 7

The monosaccharide ribose is an imprtent component of coenzymes (ATP, FAD, and NAD) and the backbone of genetic molecule known as RNA.

Question 8

Carbohydrates = ?

Answer 8

Saccharides

Question 9

What is monosaccharides general formula?

Answer 9

(CH2O)n, where “n” is three or more

Question 10

What can be hydrolyzed to simple sugar?

Answer 10

• oligosaccharides

- polysaccharides

Question 11

Classification of monosaccharides based on three different characteristics:

Answer 11

• the placement of its carbonyl group
• the number of carbon atoms it contains
• its chiral handedness

Question 12

If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde, ……….

Answer 12

the monosaccharide is an aldose

Question 13

If the carbonyl group is a ketone, …….

Answer 13

the monosaccharide is a ketose

Question 14

Monosaccharides with X carbon atoms are called:

Answer 14

• 3 carbon atoms are called trioses.
• 4 carbon atoms are called terroses
• 5 carbon atoms are called pentoses
• 6 carbon atoms are called hexoses
• and so on….

Question 15

What is the major source of energy for metabolism (glucose) and in biosynthesis?

Answer 15

Monosaccharides

Question 16

Examples of polysaccharides:

Answer 16

• glycogen

- starch

Question 17

Trioses

Answer 17

Intermediate metabolites of biosynthesis and degradation of other sugars

Question 18

Tetroses

Answer 18

E.g. erythrose, the intermediary in the conversion of glucose

Question 19

Pentoses

Answer 19

Such as ribose (component of RNA), deoxyboza (component of DNA), xylose, xylulose

Question 20

Hexoses

Answer 20

Such as glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose (energy sources)

Question 21

Heptoses

Answer 21

Only sedoheptulosa occurs in living organisms

Question 22

Examples of pentoses:

Answer 22

• D-ribose
• D-ribulose
• D-deoxyribose
• D-xyloze
• D-xylulose

Question 23

Examples of hexoses:

Answer 23

• D-glucosa
• D-mannose
• D-galaktose
• D-fucose
• D-fructose

Question 24

Examples of trioses:

Answer 24

• D-glyceraldehyde

- D-dihydroxyacetone

Question 25

Examples of tetroses:

Answer 25

- D- erythrose | - D-erythrulose

Question 26

Epimerism

Answer 26

Epimerism is when two monosaccharides differ in the position of substituents (-H and -OH) at the same carbon atom, WITH THE EXEPTION OF THE CARBONYL GROUP

Question 27

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 27

Cm(H2O)n

Question 28

Entantiomers

Answer 28

It is the presence of sugar in the two lirror forms. Entantiomers differ in the position of substituents at the chiral carbon atom. In the body the D-sugars are dominated forms, L-entantiomers occur sporadically.

Question 29

Anomeric carbon

Answer 29

Most of the sugars are present in ring forms. The transition of sugars from a chain on a ring results in the formation of additional chiral C-atom, called anomeric carbon.

Question 30

How can the anomers be distinguished?

Answer 30

They can be distinguished by enzymes

Question 31

What is the difference between "alfa" and "beta" anomers?

Answer 31

The optical rotation

Question 32

Which is the stable and which is the unstable form of glucose; A. The chair form B. The boat form

Answer 32

The chair form is the stable one, ehile the boat form is the unstable one.

Question 33

What is the most simplest polysaccharide?

Answer 33

Disaccharide

Question 34

Monosaccharide + monosaccharide = ?

Answer 34

Disaccharide

Question 35

What is the covalent bond between two monosaccharides known as?

Answer 35

Glycosidic linkage

Question 36

What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage?

Answer 36

It is formed by a dehydration reaction

Question 37

Whatis the fromula for unmodified disaccharides?

Answer 37

C12H22O11

Question 38

Give examples of disaccharides:

Answer 38

- Sacharose - Maltose - Lactose - Isomaltose

Question 39

Classification of polysaccharides:

Answer 39

- Hemopolysaccharides (homoliganes) | - Heteropolysaccharides (heteroglikanes)

Question 40

Hemopolysaccharides (homoliganes)

Answer 40

Are composed of identical units of sugar (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Question 41

Heteropolysaccharides (heteroglikanes)

Answer 41

Are made up of various units and non-sugar components

Question 42

What is the most important energy sources im humans?

Answer 42

Starch and glycogen

Question 43

What two substances is starch composed of?

Answer 43

- Amylose | - Amylopectin

Question 44

Which polysaccharide is important for intestinal function?

Answer 44

Cellulose

Question 45

Which enzyme is in saliva?

Answer 45

Amylase

Question 46

What does amylase do?

Answer 46

It breaks down starchy carbohydrates

Question 47

What type of saccharide is isomaltose?

Answer 47

Disaccharide

Question 48

What happens with isomaltose and maltose when it gets inside the body?

Answer 48

The maltose and isomaltose are then absorbed into the lining cells of the intestine and are further simplified, being converted into glucose molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Glucose is carried through the bloodstream to the liver, where it is stored or used to provide energy for the work of the body.