List 1 Flashcards
(57 cards)
1
Q
endocrine
A
-The cells, tissues, and organs that compose it, collectively called endocrine glands, secrete substances into the internal environment.
2
Q
exocrine
A
- These secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
- Ex: stomach acid reaching the lumen of the digestive tract and sweat released at the skin’s surface.
3
Q
paracrine
A
-Secretions which enter the interstitial fluid but affect only nearby cells
4
Q
autocrine
A
-Secretions which affect only the cell secreting the substance
5
Q
negative feedback systems
A
- A mechanism that restores the level of a biochemical or other condition in the internal environment
- most common way of regulating hormones
6
Q
positive feedback systems
A
- Process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions
- Oxytocin is one of the only hormones that uses positive feedback
7
Q
tropic hormone
A
-The main function is to regulate the secretion of a second hormone
8
Q
non-tropic hormone
A
-The main function is to stimulate a specific action or reaction from the receptor, not a hormone.
9
Q
steroid hormones
A
- Lipids that include complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- They differ by the types and numbers of atoms attached to these rings and the ways they are joined.
- derived from cholesterol
10
Q
amines
A
- A non-steroid hormone, which includes norepinephrine and epinephrine, are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
- Synthesized in the adrenal medulla
11
Q
peptide hormones
A
- Short chains of amino acids.
- Secreted in hypothalamus and associated with posterior pituitary gland
12
Q
protein hormones
A
- Composed of long chains of amino acids that are linked and folded into specific molecular structures.
- secreted from parathyroid and anterior pituitary gland
13
Q
hypophysis (Neurohypophysis vs. adenohypophysis)
A
- Pituitary Gland(found in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone)
- Neurohypophysis-posterior
- adenohypophysis -anterior
14
Q
infundibulum
A
-Stalk attaching the pituitary gland to the base of the brain
15
Q
hypophyseal portal system
A
- Where the vessels merge and pass downward along the pituitary stalk and give rise to a second capillary bed in the adenohypophysis
- It is a venus portal system
16
Q
somatotropes
A
- secrete GH
- type of secretory cell of epithelial tissue found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
17
Q
corticotropes
A
- secrete ACTH
- type of secretary cell of epithelial tissue found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
18
Q
gonadotropes
A
- Secretes FSH and LH
- Hormone that stimulates activity in the gonads
- type of secretory cell of epithelial tissue found int he anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
19
Q
thyrotropes
A
- Secretes TSH
- type of secretory cell of epithelial tissue found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
20
Q
zona glomerulosa
A
- Outer zone of the adrenal cortex
- synthesizes aldosterone
21
Q
zona fasciculata
A
- middle zone of the adrenal cortex
- synthesizes cortisol
22
Q
zona reticularis
A
- inner zone of the adrenal cortex
- produces sex hormones
23
Q
chromaffin cells
A
- Part of the adrenal medulla
- produce, store, and secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
24
Q
islets of Langerhans
A
- Pancreatic islets
- contain three distinct types of hormone secreting cells: alpha(glucagon), beta(insulin), and delta(somatostatin)
25
gluconeogenesis
-Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate such as amino acids(fat or protein)
26
colloid
- A clear viscous substance that fills cavities.
| - Contains T3&T4
27
extra follicular cells of thyroid
-Produces calcitonin, which influences blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions; it lies outside the follicles
28
tyrosine
-synthesizes proteins such as norepinephrine and epinephrine
29
renin
-Enzyme that kidneys release that helps maintain blood pressure, plasma sodium, and blood volume by catalyzing angiotensinogen into angiotensinogen 1.
30
angiotensinogen
-Liver serum globulin that renin converts to angiotensin I
31
circadian rhythms
-Patterns of repeated activity associated with cycles of night and day, such as sleep/wake rhythms.
32
erythropoietin
- Kidney and liver hormone that promotes red blood cell formation. Target cells red bone marrow (EPO)
- red blood cell production
- humoral(low blood oxygen)
- non tropic and a protein
33
second messengers
- Biochemicals in the cell that induce the changes leading to the hormone effect
- cAMP
34
adenylate cyclase
-Enzyme activated when certain hormones bind receptors on cell membranes. It catalyzes the circularization of ATP to cyclic AMP
35
cyclic AMP
- A second messenger.
- binds to its receptor, and the resulting hormone-receptor complex activates a protein called a G protein, which then activates an enzyme called adenylate cyclase.
36
ADH
```
- Antidiuretic hormone
Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: Non
Steroid: Non-peptide
Stimulus: Neural w/ hormonal
-Causes kidneys to reduce water excretion
```
37
oxytocin (OT)
```
Source: hypothalamus
Tropic: Non
Steroid: non-peptide
Stimulus: neural w/ some hormonal
-myometrial contractions during birth and milk let down
```
38
GH
-Growth Hormone
-Source: Anterior Pituitary gland
Tropic: non
Steroid:non-proteins
Stimulus:hormonal(GHRH & SS)
-stimulates body growth
39
GHRH
-Growth hormone-releasing hormone
-Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: Tropic
Steroid: non-peptide
Stimulus:Neural
-stimulates secretion of GH
40
somatostatin (SS)
-Somatostatin
-Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: Tropic
Steroid: non-peptides
Stimulus: Neural
-regulates carbohydrates and inhibits secretion of GH
41
ACTH
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone
-Source:Anterior Pituitary Gland
Tropic: Tropic
Steroid: non-peptide
Stimulus: Hormonal (CRH)
-stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
42
CRH
-Corticotropin-releasing hormone
-Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: Tropic
Steroid: non-peptide
Stimulus:nerual
-stimulates ACTH production
43
TSH
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone
-Source: Anterior Pituitary Gland
Tropic: tropic
Steroid: non-protein
Stimulus:Hormonal (TRH)
-stimulates the thyroid gland
44
TRH
-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
-Source: Hypothalamus
Tropic: tropic
Steroid; non-peptides
Stimulus: neural
-stimulates secretion of TSH
45
calcitonin
```
-Source: Thyroid gland
non tropic
non-peptide
humoral/hormonal
-control of blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations.
```
46
epinephrine(EPI)
-Source: Adrenal medulla
-Synonym=Adrenalin
non tropic
non-monoamine
neural
amplify sympathetic response(fight or flight)
47
norepinephrine (NE)
-Source: Adrenal medulla
-Synonym=Noradrenalin
non-tropic
non-monoamine
neural
amplify sympathetic response
48
aldosterone
```
adrenal cortex
non tropic
steroid
hormonal(ADH)
stimulate the kidneys to retain sodium
```
49
cortisol
```
-Source: Adrenal cortex
non tropic
steroid
hormonal(ACTH)w/ humeral
gluconeogenesis
```
50
glucagon
```
-Source: Pancreas
non tropic
non-protein
humoral
increases blood glucose levels
```
51
insulin
```
-Source: Pancreas
non tropic
non-protein
humoral
uptake of glucose
```
52
melatonin
- Secreted from the pineal gland and is synthesized from serotonin
- Regulates circadian rhythms
53
FSH and LH
```
anterior pituitary gland
non tropic
non -protein
hormonal(GnRH)
stimulates gonads
```
54
GnRH
-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-Source: Hypothalamus
tropic
non-peptide
humoral
stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH
55
prolactin(PRL)
```
-Source Anterior pituitary gland
non tropic
non-proteins
hormonal (PRIH)
-Promotes milk production.
```
56
triiodothyronine (T3) & thyroxine (T4)
```
-Source=thyroid gland
non tropic
non-monoamines
hormonal(TSH)
increase energy release from carbohydrates/ promotes growth and metabolism
```
57
parathyroid hormone(PTH)
```
-Source: Parathyroid gland
non tropic
non-protein
humoral / hormonal
-stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts and inhibits the activity of osteoblasts
```
