Lists Flashcards
(21 cards)
pH of a solution can affect
- the shapes and functions of molecules
- the rates of many chemical reactions
- the ability of two molecules to bind to each other
- the ability of ions or molecules to dissolve in water
The mass of all living things is largely composed of 4 elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
3 Domains
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
A genome is critical to life because it performs these functions:
- Stores information in a stable form
- Provides continuity from generation to generation
- Acts as an instrument of evolutionary change
Core Concepts of Biology
- Evolution
- Structure and Function
- Information flow, exchange, and storage
- Pathways and transformations of energy and matter
- Systems
5-step method for Hypothesis testing
- Observations are made regarding natural phenomena
- These observations lead to a hypothesis that tries to explain it.
- Experimentation is conducted to determine if the predictions are correct.
- The data from the experiment are analyzed.
- The hypothesis is considered consistent with the data, or it is rejected.
Chemical reactions in living organisms share these similar properties
- all require a source of energy
- reactions need to be catalyzed
- tend to proceed in a particular direction, but eventually reach a state of equilibrium
Levels of Organization in Biology from smallest to largest
Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, the Biosphere
Types of Isomers (Two or more molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures and characteristics)
- Structural Isomers: Isomer that contain the same atoms, but different bonding relationships.
- Stereoisomers: Isomers with identical bonding relationships, but different spatial positioning of their atoms.
- Cis/Trans isomers
- enantiomer
Types of lipids include:
- fats (triglycerides)
- phospholipids
- waxes
- steroids
4 Major classes of organic molecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Additional structures found in plant cells:
- chloroplasts
- a central vacuole
- a cell wall
Types of cytoskeleton filaments found in eukaryotic cells:
Microtubules (hollow tubule - protein tubule) Intermediate filaments (twisted filament - can be composed of different proteins such as keratin or lamin) Actin filaments (spiral filament - two intertwined strands composed of the protein actin)
What makes up the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes (and vesicles), vacuoles, peroxisomes, endosomes, and the plasma membrane.
Three types of movements of motor proteins:
- Movement of cargo via the motor protein
- Movement of the filament
- Bending of the filament
Major protein functions of the plasma membrane
- Membrane transport
- Cell signaling
- Cell adhesion
Functions of Mitochondria:
- Convert chemical energy found in covalent bonds into a form that can be readily used by the cell.
- involved in synthesis, modification, and breakdown of some cellular molecules
- generate heat in specialized fat cells (brown fat cells)
What does Cell Theory say?
All living things are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the smallest unit of life.
New cells only come from pre-existing cells via cell division.
The three types membrane proteins:
- Transmembrane protein
- Lipid-anchored protein
- Peripheral membrane protein
What is the central Dogma?
DNA to pre-mRNA to mRNA to Protein
Some genes do not encode polypeptides:
DNA to RNA to Protein
What are the three types of RNA she wants us to know?
messenger RNA
ribosomel RNA
