Livestock Production Systems Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What is the order of the beef cattle industry?
A
Cow-Calf—>Stocker —-> Feedlot —-> Seedstock
2
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 1880
A
-Cattle drives mainly longhorn
- the meat was extremely tough
3
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 1950- 1960
A
-Grain Feeding
4
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 1965
A
- Breeds revolution
5
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 1970
A
- Beef feedlot industry begins
-brought Bos Taurus continental breeds
6
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 1965- 1975
A
- Peak cattle numbers
7
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 1976 - 1995
A
- Decrease in demand
- Health= people realized it was unhealthy because of too much fat
- Quality= Made them to lean to try to combat health issue but made the meat tough. The animals used were also not efficient.
8
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 1995- 2005
A
- Emphasis on what consumers want
9
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 2005
A
- Emphasis on quality and food safety: trust in brands ( branded products) and quality issues
10
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 2010
A
- Ready to eat products: more women began to work which met less cooking so high demand for made-to-eat food ( big advancement )
11
Q
Beef Cattle Timeline: 2012
A
- Supply/feed
12
Q
Cow- Calf
A
- Large range of production in which producers maintain cow herd year-round - market calves, retain replacement females, over 90% use bull instead of A.I.
- Cow converts low-quality forage into high quality product = calf
13
Q
In the cow- calf stage efficiency is based on ?
A
- Pounds of product produced per cow ( 300-700 # sold at 6-10 months of age )
14
Q
What happens to the genetic of a cow in the cow- Calf stage?
A
- genetics are blended leading to a lack of uniformity
15
Q
What are the selection goal in the cow-calf stage?
A
- Fertility
- Weaning weight
- cow efficiency
- Adaptability
- Quality products produced efficiently
16
Q
What is the weaning weight of cattle to get into the stocker stage ?
A
600-850 Lbs
17
Q
Stocker
A
- Growing phase after calves are weaned and before feedlot
18
Q
Feedlot
A
- Animals confined and feed high energy diets
19
Q
Seedstock
A
- Provides genetics for commercial producers
- Specialized cow-calf system ( calves developed to breeding age)
- High investment facilities and management
- Advertised: show ring, magazines, etc.
- Develops extremities of emphasis on particular traits of selection
20
Q
What are the determining factors as where cattle go for the stocker stage?
A
- Weaning weight
- Weather
- Grain Prices
21
Q
What is the diet feed to the cattle in the stocker stage ?
A
- Roughage based diets with available forage
- Can use cheap gain like wheat pastures to improve pasture and silage
22
Q
Beef cattle are lightweight and thin at what stage of industry?
A
Stocker
23
Q
What are the selection factors for beef cattle in the stocker stage?
A
- Price
- Growth Potential
- Health
24
Q
What diet is feed in feedlot stage of the beef industry?
A
- High energy ( concentrate) diet like corn and milo
25
What is feed to the cattle in the feedlot stage to keep prices down?
- Feed by-products
26
Normally ____ - ____ days on feed to reach _____#.
120 - 150 days 1100#
27
Where are feedlot located and why?
- Located in dry areas close to resources
- Helps prevent diseases
28
What are the profit potential for the feedlot stage in beef industry?
- ADG
- Feed efficiency
- Health : death loss
29
What are the factors that influence the value in feedlot stage?
- Quality
- Yield
- Dressing %
30
How many heads make up a commercial feedlots in the beef industry?
> than 1000 heads
- 87% are them
- many feeding options
31
How many heads make up a farmer feedlot in the beef industry?
< than 1000 heads
32
Cactus Feeders
- 520,000 hd
- 10 feed yards in Tx and KS
- 25,000 hd in Argentina
- Market over 1 million hd per year
- inventory turns 2 times in a year
- 20,000 animals per week are harvested
- 2.1 million tons of feed per year
- 1 out of 26 hd fed by cactus
33
What are the beef cattle issues and misconceptions?
- Food safety
- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy(BSE)
- Hormonal Implants/ Growth Promotants
- Fed Additives
- Antibiotics
- Organic vs. Normal
- Grain vs Grass Fed
- Industry Integration
- Imports
34
What are the top dairy breeds?
- Holstein
- Jersey
- Brown Swiss
35
How many dairy farms are in the US?
42,000
36
What is the average herd size for dairy cows?
187
37
What percent of dairy farms are family owned and operated?
95%
38
How long does it take for milk to travel from the farms to the store?
48 hours
39
The dairy industry is the most _____ ______ _____.
highly specialized industry.
40
What state is 5th in dairy production and the number of cows?
Texas
41
Where are high production areas located?
Located near high population centers
42
What are the leading counties in Texas?
- Castro: Dimmitt
- Deaf Smith: Hereford
- Erath: Stephenville
- Hartley: Dalhart
- Parmer: Farwell- Southwestern Panhandle
43
What has changed in the diary industry?
- Genetics
( Artificial Insemination and Geonomics)
- Feeds
- Health
- Management
44
What does a cow producing 100 lbs of milk excrete per day?
Milk
- 100lbs of milk (13 lbs of dairy)
-4.9 lbs of lactose( sugar)
- 3.6 lbs of milk fat
- 3.1 lbs of milk true protein
Waste Products
- 190lbs of total waste
- 60-70 lbs of urine
- 120-130lbs fecal material
45
Where are replacement heifers raised?
In feedlot or pasture settings until they are ready to be moved into the dairy herd.
46
When are replacement heifers bred?
They are bred around 15 months of age and begin processing milk 9 months later( 2 years of age)
47
How many times a day are cows milked after calving?
2-3 times
48
When are calves removed from the cow?
After 1- 2 days
49
What are male calfs used for after birth?
males are typically used for veal or raised as slaughter steers.
50
What are heifers kept for?
Kept to become replacements or used for meat
51
About when are cows dried off in preparation for their next calf to be born?
60 days before they give birth again
52
What is the average production of a dairy cow and what happens to them after?
- the cycle is 5- 7 years
- animals are processed for meat
53
What happens to the calf after it is born?
- ensured the adequate quality of and quantity of colostrum
- they are bottle-fed
-milk and starter ration until weaning( around 3 months )
54
What are calf health issues?
- calf scours( caused by bacteria)
- Pneumonia( respiratory disease)
55
How can calf health issues be prevented?
By maintaining clean and sanitary conditions and insuring adequate colostrum intake
56
What are the 4 main cow health issues?
- Mastitis
- Ketosis
- Milk fever
- rebreeding difficulties during lactation
57
Mastitis
- The inflammation of the udder caused by bacterial infection
58
What cow health issue is the number 1 cause of economic loss?
Mastitis
59
Ketosis
- Energy shortage due to metabolic problems (not enough energy)
- normal seen after 4-6 weeks after parturition
60
Milk fever
- low-blood calcium causing muscle weakness at/or near calving
61
What are the stages of lactation?
- Stage 1: Early lactation
- Stage 2: Mid Lactation
- Stage 3: Late Lactation
- Stage: Dry period
62
Early lactation is ____ -____ days
1-100 days
63
Mid Lactation is ___-___ days
100-200 days
64
Late Lactation is ____-____ days
200- 305 days
65
Stage 1 - Early lactation
- Are the most important days as they set the stage for the remainder of lactation
- The time and production level at which a cow peaks determines her production potential.
- For each 1 lb increase at peak lactation, add 200lbs to total lactation
66
What is a common problem during early lactation?
The cow goes through physiological stress because she is in a negative energy balance due to high energy demand.
67
Stage 2- Mid Lactation
- production can be expected to decrease by 7% a month
- Average milk production in stage 2 should be at least 80% of stage 1.
- recover body weight
- increase butterfat in milk
- decrease dry matter intake 5-7% after peaking DMI
68
What is a common problem during mid-lactation?
Cows are rebred during this time of positive energy balance if they have not already rebred before because of milk production will drop further toward the end of lactation if they are not ready to be dried off.
69
What are the reasons for drying off?
- Allows time for the tissue in the udder to repair itself
- Allows the cow to regain body condition
- It completes the development of her calf in the uterus
70
Stage 4- Drying off
- Nutritional needs are decreased
- As the fetus continues to grow the dry matter intake starts to decrease
- Energy balance declines during the last 30 days of gestation
71
Where do large dairy farms typically reside?
- Located in dry climates
72
How many cows do a typical small dairy farm have?
- 100-300 cows ( 30 dry, 30 Heifers , 25 calves)
73
What is a parallel( side by side) parlor?
- A 90- degree angle facing away from the operator area
- Access to the udder is between the rear legs ( reduces the visibility of front quarters)
- Walking distance is shorter than herringbone parlor
- Most parlors use rapid exist stall fronts and use dual return lanes
74
What is a herringbone( Fishbone) parlor?
- Most common parlor type in the US for " small " parlors
- Elevated platforms in an angled or herringbone fashion facing away from the operator area
75
What is a rotary( carousel, Turnstile) parlor?
- cow movements are largely automated
- work routine is very regimented and uniform ( makes milking efficient and consistent)
- Require 3 operators
76
What are the 3 required operators for the rotary parlor?
1. one for unit attachment
2. one to detach units and/or apply post milking teat drip
3. one to tend to any problems occurring while cows are traveling around
77
What are the negatives of the rotary parlor?
- it is not expandable
- difficult to provide any special cow care on rotary platform
78
Rotary parlors are best suited to _____ _____.
larger herds( > 1000 cows)
79
Goat timeline: 1920- 1990
- Angora and Spanish goats were predominat
80
Goat timeline: 1990-2000
Introduction of Boar goats from South Africa
- decrease in mohair prices
- decrease in Angora goat numbers
- Decrease in Spanish goat numbers due to cross-breeding with boar goats.
81
Goat timeline: 2001-current
Boar goat predominant in meat production
- dairy goats increase as a niche market
- environmentally friendly
82
Where does sheep and goats production happen?
- large operation in arid and semi-arid land
- Mountain areas on public land ( flocking necessary so no fences and utilize herders)
- Edwards Plateau, Texas - intermountain states( California , Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho)
83
Sheep genus
Ovis aries
84
Goat genus
Capra hircus
85
Sheep Timeline: 1880-1940
- Peak number in the US
86
Sheep Timeline: 1950-1995
A steady decrease in numbers
- end of world worlds
-synthetic fibers
- decrease in consumption patterns/ high cost of the product
87
Sheep Timeline: 1996-2000
Numbers Stabilized
- ewe lamb retention program
88
Sheep Timeline: 2001- present
Increase in prices
- ethnic population, supply, and demand
- environmentally friendly
89
What is the main expense in sheep and goat production?
Feed cost
90
What do sheep prefer to eat?
Forbes
91
What do goats prefer to eat?
Browse
92
What do cattle prefer to eat?
Grass
93
Efficient use of land combines ___ _____.
all species
94
Range ewe are raised for what?
wool and lamb
95
Nannies are raised for what?
kid production(meat) and brush control
96
What is the primary economic return on sheep and goat production?
lamb and kid production
97
What are the leading States of sheep and goat production?
- Texas
- California
- Colorado
- Wyoming
98
Where do range sheep and goats typically give birth?
on the open range
99
What is keeping sheep and goats on open range dependent on?
- weather
- feed
- predators
100
What are examples of common predators for sheep and goats?
- Coyote
- eagle
- bobcat
- fox
101
What is one main issues with sheep and goats?
Internal parasites
- Haemonchus contortus
- Limit production in high rainfall areas
- selected for parasite resistant animals
102
What do farmers utilize to protect flock?
Guard animals like dogs, llama, jenny
103
Who are the world's leaders in sheep and goat production?
1. China
2. India
3.Australia
4. Sudan
4. Iran
104
What do sheep and goat farm flocks consist of?
- 25-100 heads
- more intensively managed than a range
- higher lamb crops 180-200%
- oriented towards lamb production
105
What type of diets do lambs eat in the feedlot?
- high concentrate diets that consist of 90% whole corn
106
What is the leading state in lamb feeding?
Colorado
107
At what weight do lambs enter and leave the feedlot?
Enter: 70-90lbs
Leave: 120-150lbs ( in for 4-10 months )
108
What are major diseases in the sheep and goat industry?
- " overeating" " Enterotoxemia" or " pulpy kidney" disease
- Clostridium perfringens type C &D
- Urinary calculi- Ca:P ratio in the feed
109
What are lambs sold based on?
Dressing percent and carcass weight
- 50%
110
Why has there been increased demand in the sheep and goat industry
- increase in ethnic population
- more animals sold in non-traditional channels
- non-traditional markets have had an impact on normal production scheme
- very little marketing in this industry
- variation in the product that is desired by different consumers
111
What are the 3 main types of swine industries?
- Seedtosck producers
- Commercial Producers
- Corporate Production units
112
Swine production goal influence ____ _____.
breed utilization
113
What are seedstock producers in the swine industry?
- Traditional purebred breeders
- Provide foundation offspring for others
114
What are commercial producers in the swine industry?
