Living Under Nazi Rule - Facts Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What was the largest resistance group in Europe during WWII?
A
- The Polish resistance
2
Q
How did Jews participate in resistance against the Nazis?
A
- By organizing resistance groups, leafleting, and sabotaging German communications. The Baum Group bombed an exhibition in Berlin in 1942.
3
Q
What laws were passed in 1935 regarding the Jewish population in Germany and what did it consist of?
A
- The Nuremberg Laws, which made marriage and sex between Germans and Jews punishable by prison and prevented Jews from being German citizens or flying the German flag.
4
Q
What happened to wages during Nazi rearmament?
A
- Wages did not rise but prices did, so people got poorer
5
Q
What financial incentives were given to Aryan couples?
A
- Loans of 1000 reichsmarks and for each child, 250 RM of the loan was forgiven
6
Q
What was the first concentration camp?
A
- Dachau
7
Q
What was the Protestant Confessional Church?
A
- A Church set up by pastors like Niemöller that opposed the Nazi Reich Church
8
Q
What were children required to do regarding their teachers?
A
- Report teachers who didn’t use Nazi ideas
9
Q
Who was in charge of the SA (‘stormtroopers’)?
A
- Ernst Röhm
10
Q
What happened to Jewish teachers in Nazi Germany?
A
- They were banned
11
Q
What decree did President Hindenburg pass that restricted civil liberties in February 1933?
A
- Reichstag Fire Emergency Decree
12
Q
Who fought alongside adults and were known for being fierce fighters during WWII?
A
- Hitler Youth members under 18
13
Q
What was the gas used in the ‘final solution’?
A
- Zyklon B
14
Q
How did the Dutch manage during the Nazi occupation?
A
- Approximately 20,000 people died of starvation.
15
Q
Who became a symbol of resistance by 1945 for plotting to kill Hitler?
A
- Bonhoeffer
16
Q
What forms of art and ideologies were banned or discouraged by the Nazis?
A
- Modern art and foreign films, and jazz music was discouraged
17
Q
By 1933, what had the Nazis become?
A
- The most popular party in Germany.
18
Q
What were the youth organizations for boys and girls called?
A
- Hitler Youth (boys) and the League of German Maidens (girls)
19
Q
How many people were killed during the Hamburg bombing in 1943?
A
- 40000
20
Q
What act did Hitler force Reichstag members to approve on 24th March?
A
- The Enabling Act
21
Q
What happened to trade unions under Nazi rule?
A
- They were abolished but hundreds of strikes occurred throughout the 1930s
22
Q
Which group was closed down by the Nazis in 1933 but continued producing anti-Nazi leaflets?
A
- The Social Democrats
23
Q
What was the People’s Court?
A
- A court set up by the Nazis to deal with political offenses, staffed by Nazi-approved judges
24
Q
What year saw the peak intensity of allied air raids on Germany?
A
- After 1943
25
What happened to unreliable teachers in Nazi Germany?
* They were forced to resign
26
What was done in Austria and Czechoslovakia regarding Jewish emigration?
* Forced emigration was carried out.
27
What book did Hitler write in prison?
* Mein Kampf
28
What major event in 1929 caused a worldwide economic depression and affected Germany badly?
* The Wall St Crash
29
What was the job of the Block Warden?
* To spy on the 40-60 houses in their area
30
What was a key element of Nazi propaganda concerning other opinions?
* Censorship and banning books by Jews and other groups
31
What activities did boys in Hitler Youth engage in?
* Political songs, reading Nazi books, and parades
32
What was significant about Warsaw in terms of resistance?
* It was a center of armed resistance, including the Jewish ghetto uprising in 1943 and the Warsaw uprising by Poles in 1944.
33
What percentage of PE lessons were dedicated to preparing students for the coming war?
* 0.15
34
What rewards did 'Strength Through Joy' provide?
* Subsidised holidays and tickets for entertainment
35
What were women expected to wear according to Nazi traditional views?
* Traditional German clothes and not wear make-up or smoke
36
Who was in charge of Nazi propaganda?
* Joseph Goebbels
37
Who led the camps in Nazi Germany?
* The camps were led by the Death's Head Units of the SS
38
What happened when President Hindenburg died in August 1934?
* Hitler merged the positions of Chancellor and President into one: the Führer
39
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?
* Youth groups who wore a white edelweiss flower as a sign of resistance and picked fights with the Hitler Youth
40
What was phase 1 of the Holocaust?
* Concentration in ghettos (1939-41), where most towns had a Jewish area; the largest was in Warsaw.
41
What does the term Holocaust mean?
* Holocaust means ‘sacrifice’, but many Jewish people prefer the term ‘Shoah’ which means catastrophe.
42
Where was the 'final solution' established.
* Wannsee
43
In which country were raw materials and food taken by the Nazis, leading to severe shortages?
* The Netherlands
44
How many Polish Jews were murdered during the Holocaust?
* 1.5 million
45
What changes occurred in Germany due to the shift to 'Total War'?
* 3 million women aged 17 to 45 were called to work in factories, professional sport and non-essential businesses were closed, and production of clothing, theatre, opera houses, and music halls ended.
46
What did the Enabling Act allow Hitler to do?
* Create any law he wished
47
What was the result of resistance activities by the French?
* The Nazis responded brutally, for example, the Oradour massacre in 1944.
48
What was the goal of 'Beauty of Labour'?
* To improve factory conditions
49
When was Hitler invited to become Chancellor?
* January 1933
50
What event in February 1933 did the Nazis use to claim the Communist Party was trying to bring down the government?
* The Reichstag fire
51
Why was a reservation in Russia for Jews not feasible?
* In 1940, the Nazis did not own enough land.
52
What was the goal of Röhm's SA?
* To replace the German Army
53
How many Communist leaders were arrested after the Reichstag Fire Emergency Decree?
* 4000
54
What was Denmark's role during Nazi occupation?
* The Danes were allowed to keep their government as long as they established good relations with the Germans.
55
What happened to rationing and food substitutes in Germany during total war?
* Rationing was increased and Germans had to make do with 'ersatz' (substitute) foods such as Ersatz coffee made from acorns.
56
What was the role of the Gestapo?
* The Gestapo tapped phones and opened mail to investigate potential enemies and any tip-offs from the public or the Block Wardens
57
What did the Nazi traditional view on women include?
* Women should be in the kitchen
58
What was the White Rose Group known for?
* Distributing leaflets in Munich encouraging people to rebel against the Nazis due to atrocities against Jews. Their members were captured and executed.
59
What were some of the main ideas of the Nazi Party in 1933?
* To destroy communism, restrict non-Aryans, unite German-speaking people, make Germany great again with a strong leader, provide food and work
60
Which groups, besides Jews, were targeted by the Nazis for murder or sterilization?
* People with mental and physical disabilities, people of mixed race, homosexuals, Romani gypsies, and Slavs.
61
Who was a famous collaborator of the Nazis?
* Coco Chanel.
62
What was the Holocaust?
* The systematic eradication of Jews by the Nazis during WWII.
63
What was Einsatzgruppen's role during Phase 2?
* They rounded up Jews and Communists in every village or town and executed them.
64
What are examples of Gleichschaltung?
* Removing political opponents
* Burning of non-German and Jewish books
* First mild concentration camps
* Boycott of Jewish Shops
65
Why did President Hindenburg think Hitler could be controlled?
* Because Hitler was weak and the Communist Party was very popular
66
What was Operation Reinhard?
* The extermination, not resettling, of all Jews in Poland in Autumn 1941.
67
What was the amount of Polish Jews before the forced emigration?
* 3.5 million
68
How did the Nazis reduce unemployment?
* Through conscription, rearmament, and the Reich Labour Service
69
What happened to the Communists after the Reichstag Fire?
* They were banned in February 1933, but some continued publishing newsletters and were hunted by the Gestapo
70
What did collaboration with the Nazis entail?
* Working with or for the Nazis.
71
What did the Dutch do as Nazi resistance increased?
* They were deported to death camps in large numbers from 1943, and many were used as forced labor.
72
How many of the 3 million women called to work in factories actually did so?
* 1 million
73
What was the DAF?
* The German Labour Front led by Robert Ley
74
What did the Nazis believe was the problem needing a 'final solution'?
* The presence of Jews.
75
What form of passive resistance did some Germans use during the war?
* Saying 'good morning' instead of 'Heil Hitler', listening to the BBC, or telling anti-Nazi jokes.
76
What was the Volkssturm?
* A militia created by Hitler in 1944 where males between 16 and 60 not in the army were forced to join, had no uniform, and had to use old weapons.
77
Who became the leading force of terror in Nazi Germany?
* The SS (Schutzstaffel)
78
What changes were made to textbooks and curriculum in Nazi Germany?
* Old textbooks were thrown out and teachers had to follow a strict Nazi curriculum
79
What did accommodation toward the Nazis involve?
* Tolerating or putting up with the Nazis but doing nothing to help or hinder them.
80
How did Nazi rule differ between Poland and the Netherlands during WWII?
* Poland faced one of the most repressive occupations while the Netherlands, perceived as ethnically similar to Germans, experienced more lenient treatment.
81
Where were most Jews gathered from during the Holocaust?
* From anywhere within potential Nazi reach, particularly in Poland.
82
What significant event against Jews took place on 9 November 1938?
* The Nazis organized an attack on Jews and Jewish shops and offices throughout Germany, resulting in the murder of at least 91 Jews and the deportation of up to 30,000 to concentration camps.(Night of Broken Glass)
83
What did Swing kids do for resistance?
* Listened to American jazz music and grew their hair long
84
What did the Reich Labour Service mandate?
* All men aged 18-25 to serve 6 months on large state projects like building the motorways
85
What changes did Hitler announce for Germany in December 1939?
* All industries would focus on the war effort, rationing of foods, clothing, shoes, and coal was introduced, and time-consuming queues for goods were common.
86
What resistance activities were undertaken in France?
* Listening to the BBC, joining the French Resistance, passing intelligence to the Allies, and sabotaging Nazi communications.
87
What was the result of the 'Night of the Long Knives'?
* The power of the SA was reduced and the SS became a key Nazi instrument of fear and repression. The army swore an oath of loyalty to Hitler.
88
What happened to worker orders in Germany under total war?
* Half a million workers were ordered to become soldiers.
89
What happened during the 'Night of the Long Knives'?
* 400 people, including SA leaders and political opponents of Hitler, were arrested and murdered
90
What happened during the Warsaw uprising in August 1944?
* It lasted 2 months and was brutally crushed by the Nazis, who killed 200,000 people.
91
What methods did the Nazis use for propaganda?
* Newspapers, radio, posters, rallies, films, classroom textbooks, and the Berlin Olympics
92
Who was second in command to Hitler?
* Hermann Göring
93
What significant battle led to the Nazis implementing 'Total War'?
* The Battle of Stalingrad
94
What was the July Bomb Plot?
* An assassination attempt on Hitler by army Colonel Stauffenberg in July 1944, which failed. Stauffenberg and many others in the army were executed.
95
How many women between 17 and 45 were called to work in factories in 1943 Germany under total war?
* 3 million
96
Who was in charge of the death camps?
* Adolf Eichmann.
97
What did some people in the Netherlands do for Jews?
* They hid Jews such as Anne Frank and her family.
98
How did Nazis portray Hitler and his ideas?
* As almost 'God-like' – the cult of the Führer
99
What was the employment trend for women between 1933 and 1939 in Nazi Germany?
* Number of women in employment increased
100
Who was the leader of Vichy France?
* A Frenchman called Pétain.
101
What were concentration camps used for?
* To imprison enemies of the state and make them do hard labor
102
Who was responsible for the attempted assassination of Hitler in November, 1939?
* Georg Elser
103
What was the method of murder during Phase 3?
* Murder by gas in extermination camps using gas chambers.
104
Who created the SS (Protection Squadron)?
* Heinrich Himmler
105
What happened to the birth rate initially under Nazi policies?
* It rose at first but by 1939 it was down to levels lower than when Hitler took over
106
What was the main method of control used by the Nazis?
* A complex system of intimidation, intelligence gathering, and policing led by Himmler and his deputy Heydrich
107
What happened to remaining political parties to avoid arrest by the Nazis?
* They dissolved themselves
108
How many people were killed during the Dresden bombing in 1945?
* 25000
109
How were women expected to prepare their bodies according to Nazi policies?
* Women should not be thin but strong and ready for childbirth
110
How many Jews were murdered during the Holocaust?
* 6 million Jews.
111
When did Germany surrender in WW2?
* 2 May 1945
112
What was the fate of Pastor Niemöller?
* He was sent to a concentration camp
113
What is the German word for 'bringing people into line'?
* Gleichschaltung
114
What happened when the first Jews were deported from the Netherlands?
* Strikes were organized in protest.
115
What did resistance against the Nazis involve?
* Working against the Nazis in a variety of ways.
116
What policy did the Nazis begin during the period of January 1933 to July 1933?
* Bringing the people into line
