LMR Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What should you avoid when reading test questions?
A
Don’t read the questions too quickly.
2
Q
What is a key strategy for narrowing down answer choices?
A
Try to narrow it down to two possible answers.
3
Q
What does ABCs stand for in prioritization?
A
Airway, Breathing, Circulation.
4
Q
What is the importance of cultural competence in nursing care?
A
Culture is important for ALL nursing care.
5
Q
What is Susto in Latino culture?
A
Illnesses that result from shocking, unpleasant, or frightening experiences that cause the soul to leave the body.
6
Q
What does the Limbic System control?
A
Aggression, fear, anxiety, emotions.
7
Q
What is the function of the Nucleus accumbens?
A
Part of the addiction brain network involved in reward and pleasure.
8
Q
What neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure and reward?
A
Dopamine.
9
Q
What does the acronym MSE stand for?
A
Mental Status Exam.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: Symptoms and behaviors that co-occur among patients of the same cultural context are known as _______.
A
Cultural Syndromes.
11
Q
What condition is characterized by excessive dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway?
A
Positive symptoms of psychosis.
12
Q
What does the MMSE assess?
A
Cognitive impairment and rates severity of impairment.
13
Q
True or False: Cultural responses to events are considered mental illness.
A
False.
14
Q
What is the primary role of the Hypothalamus?
A
Homeostasis including hunger, thirst, and body temperature.
15
Q
What is the scoring range for normal results on the PHQ-9?
A
0-4.
16
Q
What is the scoring for mild depression on the HAM-D scale?
A
8-13.
17
Q
What type of screening does the AUDIT tool perform?
A
Assesses alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and related problems.
18
Q
Fill in the blank: The anterior cingulate is associated with _______.
A
Cognitive function, decisions, and impulse control.
19
Q
What is the significance of cultural formulation interviews?
A
Clarify the meaning of the illness in the context of the patient’s world.
20
Q
What is the normal scoring range for the MoCA?
A
26-30.
21
Q
What are extrapyramidal symptoms associated with?
A
Dopamine blockade in the nigrostriatal pathway.
22
Q
What does the term ‘apoptosis’ refer to?
A
Neuronal loss and cell death.
23
Q
What is a common cultural belief regarding the ‘evil eye’?
A
A jealous gaze can cause fatigue, headaches, and malaise.
24
Q
What is the purpose of the Clock Drawing Test?
A
Screens for neurological problems and cognitive dysfunction.
25
What does CAM stand for in the context of therapies?
Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
26
What does CIWA stand for?
Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment
## Footnote
CIWA is used by the WHO to assess alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and related problems.
27
List the components of the CIWA assessment.
* Nausea/vomiting
* Tremors
* Anxiety
* Agitation
* Sweating
* Orientation
* Tactile Disturbances
* Auditory Disturbances
* Visual Disturbances
* Headache
28
What is the scoring range for CIWA and their corresponding classifications?
* 0-9: None (PRNs at 8+)
* 10-15: Mild (Scheduled & PRNs at 15+)
* 16-20: Moderate
* 21+: Severe
29
Name three medications used for alcohol withdrawal treatment.
* Ativan (short half-life)
* Lorazepam (long half-life)
* Librium
30
Define stereognosis.
The ability to detect what an object is by touch alone
31
Which brain pathways does stereognosis assess?
Pathways and processing in the brain, particularly the parietal lobe
32
What is the purpose of a mood questionnaire?
To assess patients with a depressed, irritable, or labile mood
33
List four types of functional imaging.
* Transcranial doppler ultrasound
* Positron emission tomography
* Single photon emission computed tomography
* MRI
34
What does the Romberg Test assess?
Balance and coordination
35
Describe the Trendelenburg Test.
Assesses for hip dysfunction by having the patient stand on both feet and slowly raise one foot off the ground
36
What does CBC stand for in laboratory tests?
Complete Blood Count
## Footnote
CBC is used to check for anemia and infection.
37
What is the normal range for AST?
5-40
38
In hyperthyroidism, what happens to TSH levels?
TSH goes down when T3 and T4 go up
39
What gene encodes an enzyme that metabolizes folate and homocysteine?
MTHFR Gene
40
What are some dietary sources of folate?
* Leafy greens
* Beans
* Lentils
* Citrus
* Fortified cereals
41
What are common lab tests for monitoring antibiotics?
* CBC
* BUN/Creatinine
* LFT
* Electrolytes
42
What is the therapeutic range for Divalproex Sodium?
50-125
43
What is the black box warning associated with Carbamazepine?
Agranulocytosis (low neutrophils)
44
What are the side effects of Lithium toxicity?
* N/V/D
* Confusion
* Coarse hand tremors
* Drowsiness
* Muscle weakness
* Palpitations
* Ataxia
45
What is the mechanism of action for SSRIs?
Inhibits the active reuptake process of serotonin, leading to more serotonin availability
46
Name two SNRIs.
* Venlafaxine (Effexor)
* Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
47
What is the primary use of Bupropion (Wellbutrin)?
It is an NDRI used for depression.
48
What does MAOI stand for?
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor
49
What is the mechanism of action for TCAs?
Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine while blocking muscarinic, histamine, and a1 receptors
50
What is the therapeutic range for Lithium?
0.6-1.2
51
What is a common effect of SSRIs in older adults?
Can cause anxiety in older adults (65+)
52
Fill in the blank: __________ is a mechanism of action for SNRIs.
Inhibits the active reuptake process of both serotonin and norepinephrine, leading to more availability of both
53
True or False: Clozapine is the only known antipsychotic to reduce suicidality in schizophrenia.
True
54
What is the risk associated with the use of Mirtazepine (Remeron)?
Can cause weight gain
55
What is the risk of taking SSRIs with Metoprolol?
Can cause bradycardia and hypotension
56
What is the washout period of a drug?
5 half-lives; it also takes 5 half-lives to reach steady state.
57
Define enmeshment.
A relationship where personal boundaries are unclear
58
What is parentification?
When a child is made to take on the role of an adult emotionally, financially, or in a sense of responsibility
59
What is the defense mechanism of projection?
Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person
60
What does intellectualization involve?
Concentrating on the intellectual aspect to avoid emotional aspects
61
What is Projection in psychological terms?
Own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives attributed to another person.
## Footnote
Example: An angry person accuses a colleague of being hostile.
62
Define Displacement.
Redirection of an impulse (usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute target.
## Footnote
Example: Someone mad at their boss may go home and kick their dog.
63
What is Sublimation?
Displacement with constructive and socially acceptable behaviors.
## Footnote
Example: A mother of a child killed by gun violence becomes involved in legislative change for gun laws.
64
What does Intellectualization involve?
Focusing on the intellectual aspect to avoid emotional aspects of a difficult situation.
## Footnote
Example: A person diagnosed with a serious illness learns everything about it instead of addressing their feelings.
65
Define Rationalization.
Attempts to logically justify generally unacceptable behavior.
66
What is Reaction Formation?
Replacing unacceptable internal desires with their exact opposite unconsciously.
## Footnote
Example: A hostile person acting overly friendly to someone.
67
What is Autistic Fantasy?
Use of imaginative or fantasy worlds by individuals with ASD to cope with challenges.
68
What is the goal of Behavioral Therapy?
Changing maladaptive behaviors through active behavioral techniques.
## Footnote
Techniques include exposure, relaxation, skills training, problem-solving, roleplaying, and modeling.
69
Who is the founder of Cognitive Therapy?
Aaron Beck.
70
What is the goal of Cognitive Therapy?
Change patients’ irrational beliefs and negative cognitive distortions.
71
What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?
Identifying and challenging negative thoughts and replacing them with constructive thoughts.
72
What is the purpose of Existential Therapy?
Emphasize accepting freedom and making responsible choices.
73
What is the gold standard treatment for PTSD?
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
74
Who is the founder of Family System Theory?
Murray Bowen.
75
What is the purpose of the FRAMES Model for Substance Use?
To support individuals in managing their substance use with various strategies.
## Footnote
Components include Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu, Empathy, and Self-efficacy.
76
Who founded Humanistic Therapy?
Carl Rogers.
77
What is the goal of Interpersonal Therapy?
Focus on interpersonal issues causing distress to modify relationship problems.
78
What is Logotherapy's main focus?
Helping individuals find meaning in life, especially in the face of suffering.
79
What is the purpose of Multi-Systemic Family Therapy?
Target youth with serious antisocial behaviors through a home-based model.
80
What is the main focus of Psychoanalytic Therapy?
How the unconscious mind influences thoughts and behaviors.
81
What is the goal of Psychodynamic Therapy?
Client self-awareness and understanding the influence of the past on present behavior.
82
What does Solution-Focused Therapy focus on?
Reworking previous solutions for current situations.
83
What is the focus of Structural Family Therapy?
Clearly defined boundaries, roles, and hierarchies within a family.
84
What is the purpose of Trauma-Focused CBT?
Addresses mental health needs of children and families affected by early trauma.
85
What are the potential effects of Kava Kava?
Used for anxiety, insomnia, and muscle tension, but can cause liver damage.
86
What is the purpose of Mindfulness Meditation?
Focus on breath awareness and body sensation.
87
What are common symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder?
Anxiety, insomnia, poor concentration, intense fear, helplessness, re-experiencing the event.
## Footnote
Symptoms last from three days to four weeks.
88
What is Adjustment Disorder?
Emotional or behavioral reaction to a stressful event that is unhealthy or excessive.
89
What are common symptoms of Anorexia?
Low BMI, amenorrhea, emaciation, bradycardia, hypotension.
## Footnote
Criteria for admission includes BMI <15 or severe weight loss.
90
What causes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Dysregulation of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, particularly in the frontal lobe.
91
What are the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?
Distractibility, poor attention to detail, difficulty sustaining attention, impulsiveness.
92
What is the primary screening tool for ADHD?
Conners’ Parent and Teacher Rating Scales.
93
What is the primary cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Dysregulation of glutamate, GABA, and serotonin.
94
Define Echolalia.
Meaningless repetition of words just spoken by another person.
95
What is Avoidant Personality Disorder characterized by?
Avoiding interpersonal contact, fear of criticism, and viewing self as socially inept.
96
What are the symptoms of Binge Eating Disorder?
Recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food in a short period of time.
97
What is the cause of Bipolar Affective Disorder?
Not a single-gene disorder.
98
List the symptoms of Mania in Bipolar Disorder.
Distractibility, Indiscretion, Grandiosity, Flight of Ideas, Activity Increase, Sleep Disturbance, Talkativeness.
99
What is the common treatment for Bipolar Affective Disorder?
Lithium is the gold standard for mania.
100
What is the cause of Borderline Personality Disorder?
Childhood trauma such as abuse or unstable caregiver relationships.
101
What is Conduct Disorder?
Persistent pattern of behaviors where rights of others are violated.
102
What is Constructional Apraxia?
The inability to build, assemble, or draw objects.
103
What are the symptoms of Delirium?
Acute disturbance of consciousness, cognition, inattention.
104
What is Dementia characterized by?
Gradual development of cognitive deficits with progressive mental decline.
105
What is Pseudodementia?
Cognitive symptoms caused by depression, often confused with dementia.
106
What are the types of dementia?
* Subcortical
* Cortical
* Lewy Body Disease
* Pick's Disease
* Parkinson's Dementia
107
What is the cause of Depression?
Dysregulation of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
108
What are the common structural brain changes associated with depression?
Enlarged amygdala, smaller hippocampus and thalamus
## Footnote
These changes may contribute to symptoms such as sadness and low self-esteem.
109
What are common symptoms of depression in children?
Anger, irritability
## Footnote
Depression can present differently in pediatric populations compared to adults.
110
What symptoms are associated with depression in older adults?
Cognitive deficit, reduced energy and fatigue, irritability and agitation, hallucinations and delusions
## Footnote
These symptoms can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of depression in this age group.
111
What is the treatment approach for mild depression?
Therapy
## Footnote
Common therapeutic approaches include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of counseling.
112
What medications are commonly used for moderate to severe depression?
SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, NDRIs, MAOIs
## Footnote
The choice of medication can depend on the patient's specific symptoms and history.
113
What medications are recommended for depression in cancer patients?
Citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline
## Footnote
These medications are often chosen for their safety and efficacy in this population.
114
What is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder?
A childhood depressive disorder diagnosed in children between 6-18
## Footnote
It is characterized by chronic dysregulated mood and frequent temper outbursts.
115
What are the symptoms of Disseminated Encephalomyelitis?
Confusion, weakness, ataxia, asymmetrical movement in extremities
## Footnote
This condition can lead to significant neurological impairment.
116
What are the key symptoms of Dissociative Disorders?
Disconnection and lack of continuity between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions, and identity
## Footnote
These symptoms are often associated with trauma.
117
What is Empty Nest Syndrome?
Grief, feelings of loss, sadness, anxiety, irritability, fear due to children moving out of the home
## Footnote
This condition can affect both men and women.
118
What are the signs of Essential Tremor?
Bilateral, symmetric tremors during voluntary movements; may worsen with movement or stress
## Footnote
It can affect various parts of the body, including hands and voice.
119
What causes Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)?
Too little dopamine in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway, often due to antipsychotic use
## Footnote
This leads to higher levels of acetylcholine.
120
What is Factitious Disorder?
Induced physical or mental symptoms without clear motive, possibly for attention
## Footnote
It differs from malingering, where there is a conscious intent to deceive for personal gain.
121
What are the symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome?
Large head, elongated face, hypermobile joints, abnormally large testes, short stature
## Footnote
This genetic condition is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability.
122
What is Functional Neurologic Disorder (Conversion Disorder)?
Symptoms like blindness, mutism, paralysis that cannot be explained by medical evaluation
## Footnote
Symptoms often begin suddenly after a stressful experience.
123
What are the treatment options for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
SSRIs, buspirone, benzodiazepines
## Footnote
The choice of treatment often depends on the severity of symptoms.
124
What is the genetic cause of Huntington’s Disease?
A gene mutation inherited with a 50% chance for each child of an affected individual
## Footnote
Symptoms typically onset between ages 30-45.
125
What are the symptoms of Lead Poisoning?
Developmental delay, learning difficulties, irritability, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain
## Footnote
Lead poisoning can have severe long-term effects on cognitive development.
126
What causes Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome?
Antipsychotic use leading to dopamine blockade or sudden withdrawal
## Footnote
Symptoms include extreme muscle rigidity and altered level of consciousness.
127
What are the symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Anxiety-provoking obsessions and/or compulsions that relieve anxiety
## Footnote
Treatment often involves SSRIs and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
128
What are the symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
Loses temper, argues with authority, deliberately annoys others, spiteful or vindictive
## Footnote
Symptoms must persist for at least six months and occur in children aged 6-17.
129
What are the causes of Osteoporosis?
Smoking, caffeine intake, lack of calcium and vitamin D, lack of weight-bearing exercise
## Footnote
These factors can lead to decreased bone density and increased fracture risk.
130
What is a Panic Attack?
Abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort reaching peak within minutes
## Footnote
Symptoms can include tachycardia, sweating, and a sense of impending doom.
131
What is the treatment for Panic Disorder?
SSRIs, Venlafaxine
## Footnote
Treatment focuses on managing recurrent unexpected panic attacks.
132
What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s Tremor?
Unilateral, asymmetrical tremor, usually pill-rolling, more pronounced at rest
## Footnote
Symptoms may diminish with purposeful movement.
133
What are the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Intrusive re-experiencing, hyperarousal, avoidance behaviors
## Footnote
Treatment options include SSRIs and various therapeutic approaches.
134
What is Schizoaffective Disorder?
Symptoms of schizophrenia occurring with mood disturbances
## Footnote
Hallucinations can occur without mood symptoms.
135
What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia?
Impaired abstraction, brain structure changes, reduced cerebral blood flow
## Footnote
Symptoms usually start in the mid-20s.
136
What is Schizophreniform Disorder?
Schizophrenia symptoms lasting 1-6 months
## Footnote
It is a temporary form of schizophrenia.
137
What are the symptoms of Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
Interpersonal difficulties, social anxiety, strange beliefs, odd behavior
## Footnote
Typically, there are no hallucinations or delusions.
138
What is Serotonin Discontinuation Syndrome?
Symptoms occur after rapidly stopping antidepressants, leading to sudden decrease in serotonin
## Footnote
Symptoms include achiness, nausea, and agitation.
139
What causes Serotonin Syndrome?
Too much serotonin due to combining antidepressants or medications that increase serotonin
## Footnote
Symptoms can be life-threatening and require immediate treatment.
140
What are the symptoms of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome?
Fever, aches, rash, peeling skin, blisters, swelling
## Footnote
This is a serious reaction often caused by medication.
141
What is Tardive Dyskinesia?
Involuntary, repetitive movements due to chronic antipsychotic use
## Footnote
It can be irreversible and often requires changing medications.
142
What is the treatment for Tourette’s Syndrome?
Atypical antipsychotics and alpha2 agonists
## Footnote
Stimulants are contraindicated as they can worsen tics.
143
What is the outcome of Donaldson vs. O’Conner?
Cannot confine a person involuntarily who is not imminently a danger to themselves or others
## Footnote
This case set important legal precedents for patient rights.
144
What does the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) require?
Equal benefits for mental/substance use treatment as for medical/surgical care
## Footnote
This law aims to eliminate disparities in treatment coverage.
