LO 1.1 - Cells, Tissues, Ground Flashcards by David O'Shea

Info

Cells
* Every living thing is made from microscopic cells
* Most Eukaryotic organisms have trillions
* That is 12 zeros after the number
* Human body has an average of 37.2 trillion

Plant Cells

Plant Cells

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Question

What is the Nucleus?

A Nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
* The DNA is similar in every cell, but depending on the specific cell type, some genes may be turned on or off.
* The nucleus is covered by a nuclear membrane with thousands of pours in it for communication with cytoplasm.
* These nuclear pores are only visible with a microscope.

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Question

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Cell Organelles and Function

Where cell division takes place.
* Directs the growth, development and activities of the cell.
* Makes faithful replicas of the DNA for new cells.
* Instructs the formation of enzymes and hormones.

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is the Cytosol?

The cytosol is the “soup” within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs.
Though mostly water, the cytosol has proteins that
control cell metabolism and growth.

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Question

What is the function of the Cytosol?

Cell Organelles and Function

Suspends the organelles
Fills the cell and gives it shape
Allows nutrients to move about the cell

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is the Cytoplasm?

Plant Cells

This is a collective term for the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within the cytosol.

Plant Cells

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Question

What is the Cell Membrane?

Cell Organelles and Function

Cell Membrane
* A thin skin of protein and lipid forming a boundary between the cell contents and the outside.
* The membrane is not solid and is self sealing if broken open (it is a fluid moving barrier).
* You could look on a cell membrane as a bag which hold the cell together.

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is the function of the Cell Membrane?

Cell Organelles and Function

Cell Membrane function
* Allows for a** flow of gases**.
* Allows water to pass by a process called osmosis.
* Allows light to pass through.
* Defending the cell against attack.

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is the Cell Wall?

Plant Cell only.

Cell Organelles and Function

The plant cell wall lies outside the membrane.
It is composed of tiny microfibril of cellulose and other polysaccharides.
It is permeable (no control over the entry and exit of material)

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is the function of the Cell Wall?

Plant Cell Only

Cell Organelles and Function

It contributes strength, protection and shape to the cell.
Fluid collects in the plant cell vacuole and pushes out against the cell wall. This turgor pressure is responsible for the crispness of fresh vegetables.

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is Vacuole?

Cell Organelles and Function

Vacuole
* Plant cells have permanent vacuoles.
* These are fluid - filled spaces bounded by a membrane.

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is the function of Vacuole?

Cell Organelles and Function

Vacuole Function
* It is for storing nutrients and waste products, helping to increase the cell size during growth.
* Regulates turgor pressure.
* Keeps plants upright

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is Chloroplast?

Plant Cells Only

Cell Organelles and Function

Contain chlorophyll, for photosynthesis.
Plastids containing green chlorophyll.
* The chlorophyll is responsible for the plant’s green colour
* It is where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place.

It’s how plants breath.

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is Mitochondria?

Cell Organelles and Function

This is where cellular Respiration takes place.
They are about the size of bacteria but may have different shapes.
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles, and like the nucleus have double membrane.
The outer membrane is fairly smooth.
The inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds (cristae). The cristae greatly increase the inner membrane’s surface area.
It is on these cristae that food (sugar) is combined with oxygen to produce ATP - the primary energy source for the cell.

Respiration.

Cell Organelles and Function

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Question

What is the function of Mitochondria?

Cell Organelles and Function

Function of Mitochondria
* Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide and grow.
* They are the power house of the cell.

Respiration.

Cell Organelles and Function

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Info Graphic

Plant cell under the microscope

Plant Cells

Plant Cells

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Question

Plant versus Animal Cells.
What are found only in plant cells?

Plant Cells

Found in plant cells

Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell Wall

Plant Cells

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Info Graphic

Plant Cell

Plant Cells

Plant Cells

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Info Graphic

Plant Cells vs Animal Cells.

Plant Cells

Plant Cells

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Question

What organelles exist in Plant Cells but not in Animal Cells?

Plant Cells

Chloroplasts
Cell walls
Central vacuole
Plasmodesmata

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Video

Time for a video?
Plant Cells: Crash Course Biology

Click for a 10 minute watch

Plant Cells

Plant Cells: Crash Course Biology Video

Click for a 10 minute watch

Plant Cells

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Question

What are the main parts of the Plant tissue system?

4 types of tissue

Plant Tissue

Study These Flashcards

Meristematic Tissue - newest.
Dermal – epidermis, cuticle protective covering.
Ground – pith or cortex, can have function in photosynthesis, storage, support.
Vascular tissue – conducting, Xylem, phloem.

Plant Tissue

Question

What is Meristematic Tissue and where is it located on a plant?

Plant Tissue

Study These Flashcards

Mother of all tissue
(like stem cells in humans)
Group of densley packed cells that have the ability to keep dividing
– Meristems give rise to permanent tissues.
Locations:
– near tips of roots and stems, called APICAL MERISTEMS.
– in side buds and roots.
– in vascular bundles (CAMBIUM).
– in cork.

Like stem cells in humans

Plant Tissue

Question

What are the types of Meristematic Tissue?

Three types.

Plant Tissue

Study These Flashcards

Apical Meristem
Lateral Meristem
Intercalary Meristem

Plant Tissue

# Question What is Apical Meristem? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Apical Meristem * Located at roots and Shoot tips. This meristem helps increase the length of the plant. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What is Lateral Meristem? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Lateral Meristem * Located in the stem – This meristem helps increase girth. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What is Intercalary Meristem? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Intercalary Meristem * Located at the base of the leave or the internodes in monocots only. This meristem helps twigs grow into branches. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Info Graphic Shoot tip in longitudinal section showing the Apical Meristem. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Apical Meristem ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Info Graphic More Apical Meristems. | This time for Wheat and Barley. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Apical Meristem | from Wheat and Barley ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Info Graphic & Text Primary growth of a root. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Primary growth of a root. The diagram and light micrograph take us into the tip of an onion root. Mitosis is concentrated in the zone of cell division, where the apical meristem and its products, the three primary meristems, are located. The apical meristem also maintains the root cap by generating new cells that replace those that are sloughed off. If the apical meristem is damaged, its quiescent center is activated and restores the meristem by means of cell division. Most lengthening of the root is concentrated in the zone of elongation. Cells become functionally mature in the zone of maturation. The zones of the root grade into one another without sharp boundaries. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Video Ground Tissue Time for a video? | 2 minutes. Watch till 2:35. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

[Ground Tissue Video](https://youtu.be/M-qDzKG3RB0?t=33) | Click for a 2 minute watch. Watch till 2:35. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What are 3 types of Ground tissue? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

* Parenchyma cells * Collenchyma cells * Sclerenchyma cells ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What are Parenchyma cells? | 5 points. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Parenchyma cells * Oval shaped cells with thin cell walls. * They also have space between the walls. * Most widespread - roots, stems, leaves and flowers. * Relatively unspecialised. * Formation & storage of food, vascular, healing, regenerating. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What are Collenchyma cells? | 5 points ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Collenchyma cells * They are composed of living elongated cells. * They provide elasticity, mechanical support. * Found in stems and leaves. * Used for flexibility of growing points in the plant e.g. at the tips of climbing stems. * High in cellulose in some of the corners of their cell walls. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Info Graphic Celery Stalk | Look for Parenchyma and Collenchyma ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Celery Stalk ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What are Sclerenchyma cells? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Sclerenchyma * They have extremely thick cell walls containing lignin. * They protect and support the plant. * These tissues are present in stems, leaves and in the hard coating of seed and nuts. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Info Graphic Pear - *Pyrus communis* ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Pair containing Sclerenchyma cells. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What is Epidermal tissue? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Epidermal Tissue * Single layer of regular shaped cells * Flattened cells pressed tightly together * Outer walls usually covered with waxy cuticle ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What is the function of Epidermal tissue? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Epidermal tissue function * Protection * Prevent excess water loss * Some specialised as hairs ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question Where is the Epidermal tissue located? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Epidermal tissue location * Surface of root\stem\leaf * Continuous skin over plant body ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What is Vascular tissue? | 3 points. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

* Xylem * Phloem * Cambium ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What is Xylem? | 3 points. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

* Xylem – Tracheids tissue and vessel elements tissue. – transport water from the roots to the shoot, together with minerals that are dissolved in the water absorbed from the soil. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What is Phloem? | 3 points. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

* Phloem – contains sieve-tube cells, companion cells and parenchyma cells. – transport organic nutrients, such as glucose for energy or for storage as starch, and amino acids for making proteins. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What is Cambium? | 3 points. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

* Cambium – found between xylem and phloem cells. When activated, they can produce more xylem and phloem (=meristematic) ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question Remember **POXI** ## Footnote Plant Tissue

POXI Phloem on the outsie. Xylem on the inside in DICOTS. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What are Tracheids? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Tracheids are elongated cells that transport water and mineral salts through the Xylem of vascular plants. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What are Vessel Elements? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Vessels (also known as the trachea) are the second type of Xylem element, and they are made up of short, tube-like cells. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What are Sieve tube elements? ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Sieve tube elements, like vessel elements, are connected end to end in vertical rows to form sieve tubes. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Video Time for a video on Xylem and Phloem Tissue? | 3 minute watch ## Footnote Plant Tissue

[Xylem and Phloem tissue video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhyYtT1K844) | Click for a 3 minute watch. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Question What is Phloem Tissue? | Hint: Mixed tissue ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Phloem Tissue * Phloem Parenchyma * Phloem Sclerenchyma * Sieve Tubes * Companion cells ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Describe Describe the Xylem cell type? | 6 points ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Xylem - ***Carrys Water (from the roots upwards)*** * Water conducting (dead). * Tracheids or vessel elements. * Tubular, elongate. * Pits for cell to cell movement. * Perforated plates at end of cells. * Aligned end to end. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Describe Describe Phloem sell type. | 5 points ## Footnote Plant Tissue

Phloem - ***Carrys Sap (in all directions)*** * Sieve tube elements (alive). * Conduct sugars and organic nutrients. * Little cell contents (no nucleus or vacuole). * Elongate cell with sieve plate at end. * Along side cell is a non - conducting cell is called a companion cell and deals with functions for itself and sieve tube. ## Footnote Plant Tissue

# Info Graphic Recap Tissues ## Footnote Plant Tissue

## Footnote Plant Tissue

LO 1.1 - Cells, Tissues, Ground Flashcards

Cells: - Structure and function - Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, chloroplasts Tissues: - Vascular - Meristematic Ground: - Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. (53 cards)