LO 1.3 - Stems

Question 1

Info Graphic

What is a Dicot Stem?

Stems

Answer 1

Dicot stem is the solid cylindrical axial part of a plant consisting of nodes and internodes giving rise to leaves, branches, and flowers.

Stems

Question 2

Question

What are the functions of Stems?

4 bullet points

Stems

Answer 2

Function of Stems
* Support
* Transport
* Growth
* Storage
* Photosynthesis

Stems

Question 3

Question

How do stems provide support in plants?

Stems

Answer 3

Support
Stems provide support and a point of attachment for leaves, flowers and fruit, optimizing their position for exposure to sunlight and pollination and dispersal.

Stems

Question 4

Question

What do we mean by transport within Stems?

Stems

Answer 4

Transport
The presence of a vascular system within the stem provides for the movement of water and dissolved minerals from the roots upward and transport of carbohydrates producers in the leaves downward throughout the plant.

Stems

Question 5

Question

How do stems provide the function of growth for a plant?

Stems

Answer 5

Growth
Cell division in specialized areas. The stem grows and produces essential tissue and structures such as buds, leaves, flowers and fruit.

Stems

Question 6

Question

Some plants use stems for Storage. What is meant by that?

Stems

Answer 6

Storage
Specialized stems, usually underground, serve as storage reservoirs for carbohydrates and other nutrients.

Stems

Question 7

Question

Can Photosynthesis occur in Stem, if so how?

Stems

Answer 7

Photosynthesis
Stems have tissue with chloroplasts that contribute to the plants carbon cycle. Other specialized stems carry out photosynthesis in plants where leaves are greatly reduced or absent.

Stems

Question 8

Question

What are the 3 main parts of Stems?

Stems

Answer 8

• Node: Area of stem from where leaves or buds form.
• Internode: Area between two adjacent nodes.
• Bud: Embryonic stem often covered by protective scales.

Stems

Question 9

Define

Bud

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 9

Bud
* Embryonic stem, often covered by protective structure for protection.

Stems

Question 10

Define

Bulb

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 10

Bulb
* Short, flattened underground stem surrounded by layers of thick fleshly modifies leaves.

Stems

Question 11

Define

Corm

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 11

Corm
* Short, vertical underground stem surrounded by thin papery tissue.

Eg… Garlic

Stems

Question 12

Define

Herbaceous

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 12

Herbaceous
* Stem or plant that is soft and without woody tissue.

Stems

Question 13

Define

Node

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 13

Node
* Area of a stem from which leaves or buds are produced.

Stems

Question 14

Define

Internode

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 14

Internode
* Area of a stem between two constructive nodes.

Stems

Question 15

Define

Leaf

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 15

Leaf
* Typically flat photosynthetic structure produced from the nodes of stems and branches of plants.

Stems

Question 16

Define

Rhizome

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 16

Rhizome
* Horizontal underground stem with scale like leaves.

Stems

Question 17

Define

Stolon

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 17

Stolon
* Elongated horizontal stem that grows on the surface of the ground and that roots and produces new plant at the nodes and at the tip.

Stems

Question 18

Define

Shoot

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 18

Shoot
* Young stem or branch.

Stems

Question 19

Define

Tuber

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 19

Tuber
* Short, fleshy underground stem or thickened portion of a rhizome

Stems

Question 20

Define

Woody

Stems - Important Term

Stems

Answer 20

Woody
* Hard stem or plant formed by the presence of secondary xylem.

Stems

Question 21

Question

What are terminal buds?

Stems

Answer 21

A terminal bud grows at the tip of a shoot and causes the shoot to grow longer.

Stems

Question 22

Question

What are Lateral buds?

Stems

Answer 22

Lateral buds (axillary) grow along the sides of a shoot and give rise to the sideways growth that makes a plant bushy.

Stems

Question 23

Question

What are Leaf scars?

Stems

Answer 23

Deciduous trees adn shrubs lose all leaves annually.
After leaves fall, you can more easily see the axillary buds with leaf scars below.

Stems

Question 24

Study Card

Rhizomes
* Rhizomes are enlarged horizontal stems lying below the ground that can be adapted for vegetative reproduction.
* Rhizome contains nodes from which roots and shoots originate

Answer 24

Rhizomes
* Rhizomes are unique in that they grow perpendicular, permitting new shoots to grow up out of the ground.
* When separated, each piece of a rhizome is capable of producing a new plant..
* The primary function of the rhizome is the storage of nutrients (carbohydrates and proteins)

Iris Rhizomes

Question 25

# Study Card Examples of Rhizomes ## Footnote Stems

Answer 25

Examples of Rhizomes ## Footnote Stems

Question 26

# Study Card Bulbs * A bulb is an underground storage organ formed from the plant stem and leaves. * At the base of the bulb is a thin, flat disc called the basal plate * The roots grow from the underside of the basal plate * The body of the bulb is made up of layers of fleshy scales which are modified leaves. ## Footnote Stems

Answer 26

* In the centre of the bulb is the bud for the next year's flower. * During the growing season, the plant uses the food stored in the fleshy scales, and at the end of the season, the diverts food into new scale leaves for the next season. * The old scale leaves form the dried papery covering of the new bulb, the tunic. * New bulbs are formed around the base of the old bulb. ## Footnote Stems

Question 27

# Study Card Corms * A corm is an underground storage organ formed from the plant stem. * A corm is a mass of solid tissue, * They do not have separate fleshy scales like a bulb, * There is a dry papery tunic formed of modified leaves. ## Footnote Stems

Answer 27

* A corm is formed from the swollen base of the stem, and roots form on the underside of the corm. * Buds form at the top of the stem, and there may also be smaller secondary buds on the outside of the corm. * During the growing season, the plant uses the food stored in the fleshy stem, and at the end of the season, the leaves divert food into producing a new corm on top of the old one. ## Footnote Stems

Question 28

# Study Card Tubers ## Footnote Stems

Answer 28

* Popular example of tubers is the potato. * Tubers can be easily recognized by the eyes - the stems grow from the eye. * Other examples of tubers include dahlias and caladiums. ## Footnote Stems

Question 29

# Study Card Stolons | Not to be confused with Rhizomes.. ## Footnote Stems

Answer 29

* Stolons are horizontal connections between organisms. * They are a stem that produce nodes from which new plants form. ## Footnote Stems

Question 30

# Study Card Thorns | Like on a Rose. ## Footnote Stems

Answer 30

* The thorn are a modified, sharp pointed stem. * It occurs in the axil of a leaf where a branch would normally develop. ## Footnote Stems

Question 31

# Question Name 3 stem tissues. ## Footnote Stems

Answer 31

* Cuticle * Vascular Bundles * Pith ## Footnote Stems

Question 32

# Question What is the Cuticle? ## Footnote Stems

Answer 32

The cuticle is the waxy covering produced by the epidermal cells of a leaf to protect the plant from excessive water loss. ## Footnote Stems

Question 33

# Question What do we mean by Vascular Bundles? ## Footnote Stems

Answer 33

Vascular Bundles – Sometimes called the veins. * Phloem – Transport of food throughout the plant. * Xylem – Transport of Water and minerals throughout the plant. * Cambium – Meristematic tissue – this is the area of rapid growth by cell division. ## Footnote Stems