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LO1 cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 main functions of blood?

A

1) transportation of elements needed for life
2) temperature regulation
3) exchange of materials in body tissue
4) preventing infection
5) blood clotting

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2
Q

what are the 4 components of blood and outline the rough percentage that is made up of blood and outline it’s general function

A

Plasma - 55% transports dissolved substances. exchanges glucose and adrenaline

red blood cells (erythrocytes) 45% - carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide

white blood cells (leukocytes) helps destroy bacteria

platelets (thrombocytes) triggers blood clotting

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3
Q

What is glucose?

A

nutrient needed for energy

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4
Q

what are antibodies?

A

proteins made by the immune system

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5
Q

what is urea?

A

poisonous waste product from protein

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6
Q

what are nutrients?

A

Glucose for energy, amino acids to make protein, and vitamins and minerals needed for essential processes

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7
Q

what is plasma?

A

90% water
transport of lots of dissolved substances

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8
Q

what are amino acids?

A

nutrient needed to make proteins

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9
Q

what are vitamins and minerals?

A

micro-nutrients needed for essential processes

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10
Q

what is albumin?

A

blood protein needed to maintain fluid levels

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11
Q

what is fibrinogen

A

blood protein needed for clotting

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12
Q

what is lipoproteins

A

proteins that carry fats/cholesterol

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13
Q

what is carbon dioxide?

A

poisonous waste gas

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14
Q

what are electrolytes?

A

eg sodium, needed to maintain blood concentration

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15
Q

what are the 3 white blood cell components?

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes

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16
Q

what is neutrophils?

A

B-type cells produce antibodies

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17
Q

lymphocytes

A

T-type cells destroy viruses and cancer cells

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18
Q

what is monocytes?

A

remove dead cells and bacteria

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19
Q

describe the transportation of elements needed for life

A

-blood transports materials in either red blood cells or plasma
-erythrocytes —> have iron - containing protein called haemoglobin

-example 1: O2 + haemoglobin = oxyhemoglobin —> tissues
-example 2: many substances dissolve in watery plasma —> glucose, amino acids and hormones

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20
Q

describe temperature regulation

A

-as mammals we generate and regulate our own temperature (process of homeostasis.)
-millions of chemicals reactions in body —> regulated by enzymes —> produce heart (eg muscle tissues)
-core temperature must be regulated 37C —> enzymes breakdown (denature) at high temperature and slow down at low temperature

example:
too hot —> skin blood vessels widen (vasodilate) —> lose heat
too cold —> skin blood vessels narrow (vasoconstrict) —> save heat

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21
Q

describe the exchange of materials in body tissue

A

-using our cardiovascular system we can exchange materials in body tissues
-capillaries - only blood vessels thin enough for gases (O2 and CO2) and nutrients (eg glucose) to pass into tissues
-materials exchange between blood and tissues by diffusion (random movements of particles from high to low concentration until equilibrium is attained)

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22
Q

describe preventing infection

A

-our cardiovascular system helps to to prevent infection
-WBC (leukocytes) —> our immune response to pathogens —> disease - causing organisms (bacteria, parasites or viruses)

example: bacteria and parasites —> neutrophils and lymphocytes recognised threats —> forms protein antibodies —> they look on and immobilise them —> monocytes then kill and break them up

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23
Q

describe blood clotting

A

-our cardiovascular system is important in blood clotting
-we have about 5 litres of blood. losing 2 litres can lead to death
-broken skin can lead to pathogen access and blood poisoning
-platelets —> convert soluble fibrinogen —> insoluble fibrin —> process called coagulation (‘turning liquid into gel’)

example: coagulation forms a net like structure —> traps platelets (cell fragments) and erythrocytes (RBCs) —> forms clot and broken skin

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24
Q

what are coronary arteries

A

supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle

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25
what 2 things do coronary arteries supply?
oxygen and nutrients
26
what can build up in the coronary arteries?
Plaque Fatty deposit Atheroma Atherosclerosis
27
what is the effect of coronary arteries building up
less / reduced blood flow, less oxygen, less nutrients -angina can lead to a heart attack -stroke
28
explain what is meant by the heart being a double pump
The heart sends blood onto two different circuits. Each time your heart beats, blood goes out on one circuit to the lungs and back, and other circuit goes all around the body at the same time. 1 heart beat = blood going onto circuits —> pulmonary circuit lungs and back. systemic circuit body head and back. Two circuits at the same time
29
explain the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
the role of the pulmonary circulation is to carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and then returns the oxygenated blood to the left atria of the heart the role of the systemic circulation is to pump the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle around the body to each of the tissues and body systems, returning the blood once deoxygenated via the veins to the inferior and superior vena cava
30
cardiac cycle DIASTOLE
-The atria and ventricles relax and expand - blood fills the atria -pressure in the atria increases opening the AV values (bicuspid & tricuspid valve) -blood passively fills the ventricles. SL valves are closed to prevent blood leaving the heart
31
cardiac style ATRIAL SYSTOLE
the atria contract forcing the remaining blood down into the ventricles
32
cardiac cycle VENTRICLE SYSTOLE
-the ventricles contract whilst AV valves close preventing back flow into the atria -the SL valves are forced open and blood is ejected from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery
33
diastole and systole
diastole - filling phase systole - emptying phase
34
explain how the conduction system controls the cardiac system
-the SA node causes atrial systole -purkinje fibres trigger ventricular systole
35
FILL FILL IMPULSE EMPTY IMPULSE IMPULSE IMPULSE EMPTY
-ATRIA DIASTOLE - the atria fill the blood -VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE - ventricles passively fill with blood due to the pressure of blood filling the atrium - SA NOSE - initiates an electrical impulse which causes the atrium walls to contract -this causes ATRIA SYSTOLE where the blood empties from the atrium into the ventricles -the AV NOSE receives and delays the impulse from the sa node to allow the atria to finish contracting -the BUNDLE OF HIS located in the septum then receives the impulse. -the impulse is then received by the PURKINJE FIBRES in the ventricle walls causing the ventricles to contract -causing VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE where the blood empties from the ventricles to the lungs and the body
36
what is atheroma?
when the walls of the coronary arteries become blocked with fatty deposits
37
what is angina
breathlessness, nasea, dizziness and chest pain and a feeling of tightness in the chest which can spread to the arms, neck and jaw.
38
what is a heart attack (myocardial infarction) ?
when arteries become completely blocked or can lead to a heart attack which can permanently damage the heart muscle and lead to death
39
what is an angiogram?
a type of x-ray where dye is injected into the blood so that narrowing or coronary arteries can be seen. in and out quick process
40
what is angioplasty?
-a microscopic deflated balloon is passed into the narrowed artery and inflated to push it open. Sometimes a microscopic mesh tube (called a stent) is inserted to keep the artery open -takes a day to recover, you go home the same day
41
why is coronary bypass?
-using a piece of artery taken from somewhere in the body to bypass or bridge a blocked region of coronary artery - allows blood to flow beyond the blockage. -a more serious operation, takes 6-8 weeks to recover, can’t drive
42
list the two cardiovascular malfunctions
coronary heart disease and hypertension
43
CHD
angina and heart attack
44
list 6 care needs of CHD
-diet -obesity -physical activity & exercise -smoking -cholesterol tests -stress
45
risk factors of CHD
CAN NOT CHANGE -increasing age -family history CAN CHANGE -lack of exercise -being overweight or abuse -high dietary salt intake -smoking and alcohol
46
monitoring treatment and care needs of CHD
NO CURE treatment can help manage symptoms and reduce the risks of heart attack blood tests ECG lifestyle changes medications: nitrates aspirin statins cholosterol surgery: angioplasty coronary bypass
47
PIES impacts of daily living tasks with CHD
-lots of appointments to attend -avoid going out so they dont strain their heart -find it hard to eat a low fat diet around people -worries about heart attacks and avoid physical activity -intense exercise can cause chest pain - generally get tired quicker doing physical activity
48
what is the order of flow of blood vessels leaving the heart and returning to the heart?
heart —> arteries —> capillaries —> veins —> heart
49
what are the differences between arteries and veins?
-veins have valves to protect back flow, arteries don’t -middle layer is thicker in arteries compared to veins. The muscle in middle layer is thicker and elastic -lumen is narrower in artery than in vein
50
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ARTERIES AND VEINS
in arteries, blood is carried away from the heart. whereas in veins the blood is carried towards the heart arteries usually carry oxygenated blood. veins usually carry de-oxygenated blood in arteries blood flows quickly under high pressure. in veins blood flows slowly under low pressure in arteries blood flows in pulses. in veins blood flows smoothly with a squeezing action artery walls are thick and muscular and elastic. vein walls are thin with little muscular arteries do not have valves beyond the heart. veins have valves to prevent back flow in arteries their internal lumen diameter is narrow. in veins their lumen diameter is wider
51
what is hypertension?
High blood pressure the force exerted by the blood on the inside of the vessels
52
ideal blood pressure numbers vs high blood pressure
ideal is 90/60 mmHg high is 140/90 mmHg or higger
53
what the two numbers to record blood pressure
the systolic pressure is the higher number when your heart pumps blood around the body diastolic pressure is the lower number which is when it is filling and shows the resistance of the blood in the blood vessels. High blood pressure damages blood vessels
54
list the factors that increase the risk of high blood pressure
increasing age lack of exercise being obese or overweight family history a high salt intake in diet smoking and alcohol in large amounts
55
list 3 conditions that can increase blood pressure
kidney disease diabetes hormones problems
56
monitor treatment and care needs of high blood pressure
BP needs to be monitored and and readings taken regularly lifestyle changes eg exercise, stop smoking, avoid stress, low fat salt and alcohol medication eg ACE inhibitors taken daily to combat high BP and beta blockers to slow heart rate. unchecked hypertension can lead to increased risk of CHD, strokes and kidney disease
57
what does a blood test do?
can detect LDL / HDL cholesterol and proteins in blood
58
what is an ECG
analyses functioning of heart from electrical signals
59
what is an angiogram
x-rays use dye and to pinpoint blockages to coronary arteries
60
what is a Bp test
readings indicate raised levels and risk of hypertension damage
61
Nitrates
treats angina relaxes blocked arteries increasing blood flow
62
Ace inhibitors
treats blood pressure lowers readings
63
statins
treats cholesterol lowers readings
64
aspirin
treats clotting / heart attack anti-platelet drug - reduces risk of clots (thrombosis)
65
blood pressure healthy vs unhealthy
70-90 / 40-60 mmHg = low = possible dizziness & fainting 90-120 / 60-80 mmHg = ideal = healthy 120-140 / 80-90 mmHg= pre-high = monitor and implement lifestyle changes 140 / 90 mmHg and above = hypertension = increased risk of stroke, heart attacks and kidney damage
66
how is tissue fluid formed
it is formed when blood plasma is flittered through the walls of capillaries at the arteriole end due to the high hydrostatic pressure in the blood
67
identify the 4 methods of monitoring a heart
blood test ECG angiogram blood pressure tests
68
identify the 3 cardiovascular malfunctions
hypertension atherosclerosis CHD
69
what do the increased surface area and thin walls of capillary beds allow exchange of?
oxygen and nutrients
70
what causes the formation of high pressure in the cardiovascular system?
blood going fast around the body so the heart has to pump strong
71
what get squeezed out of the capillaries with this high blood pressure?
plasma forces fluid out
72
what system collects the fluid squeezed out and returns it to the cardiovascular system?
lymphatic system
73
how are lymph vessels different from blood vessels
they dont form a closed loop
74
what is the problem with losing fluid from the blood
its unsustainable
75
what is the name of the fluid forced out of the vessels
lymph
76
what 3 things are named in the blood that are important in the formation of lymph
water, red blood cells and protein
77
where on the capillary wall does the fluid get squeezed out
between the cells
78
as blood moves towards the end of the capillary what substances have higher concentration
bigger proteins, red blood cells, cellutes
79
what is the difference in pressure at the start and end of the capillary
the pressure goes down
80
examples of 3 things in the plasma
antibodies nutrients pathogens
81
what are blood capillaries found next to
tissues
82
what do the cells need from the plasma to function
the nutrients from the plasma
83
what is the process called that nutrients get into the cell from the capillary
diffusion
84
when plasma flows into the cell what is its new name
tissue fluid
85
what happens to the fluid when it has delivered its nutrients to the cell
returns to the cardiovascular system
86
where does the fluid go
from the cells to the lymphatic capillary
87
what is the fluid called when it goes itno the lymphatic capillary
lymph
88
what happens to lymph before it is returned to the cardiovascular system
it gets cleaned
89
what do we call the forceful waves of blood flowing through the capillaries
hydrostatic pressure
90
what happens the blood plasma in the capillaries due to the pressure
it is squeezed out of the capillary
91
outline what fluid and dissolved substances pass through the capillary wall into the tissue cell
plasma (water) nutrients eg glucose
92
what happens if the fluid and dissolved substances pass through the capillary wall into the tissue cell
cell volume increases swelling (odema)
93
what percentage of fluid goes back into the capillary by osmosis
90%
94
what happens to the remaining 10% where does it go
into lymphatic vessel
95
inferior vena cava
blood vessel that takes blood from lower body into heart
96
superior vena cava
blood vessel that takes blood from upper body into heart
97
right atria
chamber where deoxygenated blood collects in heart
98
tricuspid valve
valve that deoxygenated blood goes through between the top and bottom chambers that prevent backflow
99
right ventricle
chamber where deoxygenated is pumped into the lungs
100
pulmonary artery
blood vessel that carries blood to the lungs
101
pulmonary vein
vessel that blood returns from lungs to the heart
102
left atria
chamber where oxygenated blood collects in the heart
103
bicuspid valve (AV valve)
valve that oxygenated blood goes through between the top and bottom chambers that prevent backflow
104
left ventricle
chamber where oxygenated is pumped to the body
105
semi lunar valves
name of the two sets of valves that prevent backflow of blood into the heart once pumped out
106
aorta
blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body
107
outline the order that the heart's electrical conduction system works in
1. SA node initiates heart beat and sends to 2. AV node atria contract and signal send down 3. bundle of his to the 4. purkinje fibres causing the ventricles to contract
108

Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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