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Question 1

What is sheldon’s somatotypes theory?

Answer 1

• saw criminals as physically different from non-criminals.
• certain body types are linked to criminal behaviour.

Question 2

What are the somatotypes sheldon identifies?

Answer 2

• endomorph.
• ectomorph.
• mesomorph.

Question 3

What does sheldon describe endomorphs to be like appearance wise?

Answer 3

• rounded.
• soft.
• tending to fat.
• lacking muscle or tone.
• wide hips.

Question 4

What does sheldon describe ectomorphs to be like appearance wise?

Answer 4

• thin.
• fragile.
• lacking fat and muscle.
• flat chested.
• narrow hips and shoulders.
• high forehead.

Question 5

What does sheldon describe mesomorphs to be like appearance wise?

Answer 5

• muscular.
• hard bodied.
• little fat.
• strong limbs.
• broad shoulders.
• narrow waist.

Question 6

What does sheldon describe endomorphs to be like personality wise?

Answer 6

• sociable.
• relaxed.
• comfortable.
• outgoing.

Question 7

What does sheldon describe ectomorphs to be like personality wise?

Answer 7

• self-conscious.
• fragile.
• inward looking.
• emotionally restrained.
• thoughtful.

Question 8

What does sheldon describe mesomorphs to be like personality wise?

Answer 8

• adventurous.
• sensation-seeking.
• assertive.
• domineering.
• enjoy physical activity.

Question 9

Which somatotype does sheldon believe is more likely to be a criminal?

Answer 9

MESOMORPH
- more likely to be attracted to risk-taking crime involves.
- imposing physique and assertive can be important assets in crime.

Question 10

What kind of theory is sheldon’s somatotype theory?

Answer 10

Psychological.

Question 11

Who was sigmund freud?

Answer 11

• founding father of psychology.
• developed a branch of psychology called the psychodynamic approach.

Question 12

What is the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 12

• see our personality as containing active forces that cause us to act as we do.
• these forces are powerful urges, feelings and conflicts within the unconscious mind.
• criminal behaviour is a result of an individual’s failure to resolve these inner conflicts in a socially acceptable way.
• psychoanalysis.

Question 13

How are our early childhood experiences related to criminal behaviour according to the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 13

• determines our personality and future behaviour
  ↳ ‘the child is father to the man’.
• determines whether we will go on to act in anti-social ways.

Question 14

What was the mary bell case?

Answer 14

• born in glasgow in scotland where she shared a one bedroom house with her mother.
• she had witnessed work as prostitute where she would engage in violent acts for pleasure with her clients.
• her mother had attempted to kill her but realised she could earn extra money through prostituting her out.
• abuse caused her to turn into a killer at 11.
• strangled, mutilated and killed two young boys aged 4 and 3
  ↳ martin brown and brian howe.
  -she was sentenced to juvenile prison.

Question 15

What is a case that supports the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 15

The mary bell case.

Question 16

What three elements does sigmund freud believe personality contains?

Answer 16

• the ego.
• the id.
• the superego.

Question 17

What is the function of the ego?

Answer 17

• tries to strike a balance between their conflicting demands.
• pulled in opposite directions between desires (id) and the conscious (superego).
• behaviour is a result of the struggle between the id and superego.

Question 18

What is the function of the id?

Answer 18

• the unconscious, instinctive, animal part of the mind.
• contains powerful, selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and drives such as the desire for sex, food and sleep.

Question 19

What is the function of the superego?

Answer 19

Contains our conscience or moral rules which we learn through interactions with our parents during early socialisation in the family.

Question 20

What is the ego governed by?

Answer 20

The reality principle which learns from experience that in the real world our actions have consequences such as a child learning to say please to obtain what they want.

Question 21

What is the id governed by?

Answer 21

The pleasure principle which is the blind desire to satisfy its urges at any cost.

Question 22

What are the consequences of the ego?

Answer 22

• learns that sometimes it may have to repress ratification of the id’s desires.
• acts in ways to satisfy the id’s desires but that is also morally acceptable to the superego.

Question 23

What are the consequences of the id?

Answer 23

If we acted on these urges whenever we felt them they would often lead to antisocial and criminal behaviour.

Question 24

What are the consequences of the superego?

Answer 24

If we act or even think of acting contrary to it, it punishes us with feelings of guilt and anxiety.

Question 25

What is an individual with a weakly developed *superego*?

Answer 25

- someone who is solely focused on their own pleasure could tie in with criminality. - someone who is id ridden takes what they want with no remorse/thought for anyone else.

Question 26

What do *psychoanalytic theories* believe?

Answer 26

- see anti-scoail behaviour as caused by an abnoamrl relationshop with psarents during ealry socialisatin suxh as negect or excesseviely alx or strict oareting.

Question 26

What do *psychoanalytic theories* believe?

Answer 26

- see anti-social behaviour as caused by an abnormal relationship with parents during early socialisation such as neglect or excessively alx or strict parenting. ↳ could result in a weak, over-harsh or deviant superego.

Question 27

What would weakly developed *superego* cause?

Answer 27

An individual will feel less guilt about anti-social actions and less inhibition about acting on the id's selfish or aggressive urges.

Question 28

What would too harsh and unforgiving *superego* cause?

Answer 28

- deep-seated guilt feelings in the individual. - craves punishment as a release from these feelings. - could lead to them engaging in compulsive repeat offending in order to be punished.

Question 29

What does *bowlby's maternal deprivation theory* state?

Answer 29

- there's a link between maternal deprivation and deviant or anti-social behaviour. - child needs a close, continuous. relationship with its primary acrer from birth to the age of 5 in order to develop normally. - broken mother-child attachment through separation even for a short period of time ↳ leaves the child unable to form meaningful relationships emotional with others ↳ emotionless psychopathy.

Question 30

What did bowlby study to support hs *maternal deprivation theory*?

Answer 30

- 4 juvenile thieves who had been referred to a child guidance clinic. - 39% of them had suffered from maternal deprivation before the age of 5 compared with only 5% of a control group of non-delinquents.

Question 31

What are the **strengths** of the *psychodynamic theories by **freud***?

Answer 31

- points to the importance of socialisation and family relationships in understanding criminal behaviour. - psychoanalytic explanations have had some influence on policies for dealing with crime and deviance.

Question 32

What are the **weaknesses** of the *psychodynamic theories by **freud***?

Answer 32

- doubt the existence of an unconscious mind. - unscientific and subjective. - rely on accepting the psychoanalysts claims that they can see into the workings of the individual's unconscious mind to discover their inner conflicts and motivations.

Question 33

What are the **strengths** of the *psychodynamic theories by **bowlby***?

Answer 33

- more of his sample had suffered from maternal deprivation. - shows the need to consider the role of parent-child relationships in explaining criminality.

Question 34

What are the **weaknesses** of the *psychodynamic theories by **bowlby***?

Answer 34

- problematic especially when recalling emotive experiences. - what about the 61%. - deprivation cannot be the only cause. - overestimated how far early childhood experiences have a permanent effect on later behaviour. - link between maternal deprivation and criminality is no longer widely accepted.