LO4 Flashcards
Structure of bone
Find diagram online: can’t add onto here
Type of joints
Ball and socket: hip, shoulder.
Pivot: neck.
Hinge: elbow, knee.
Sliding/gliding: wrist, ankle.
Fixed: cranium, pelvis.
Components of synovial joints
Muscle: necessary for movement- it contracts and relaxes to move joint.
Bone: provide framework and support for the attachment of muscles and other tissues.
Ligament: attaches one bone to another bone.
Tendon: attaches bone to muscle.
Cartilage: reduces friction and absorbs shock in the joint, allowing the joint to move smoothly.
Synovial capsule: secretes synovial fluid and maintains joint stability.
Synovial fluid: lubricates and nourishes the joint.
Muscle action around joints
- muscles have tow work in pairs: bring about opposite actions: muscles can only pull bones when contract, cannot push.
- antagonistic pairs creates movement when the agonist contracts, and the antagonistic muscle relaxes.
- quadriceps and hamstrings/ biceps and triceps
- muscle contacts: tendon pull on the bone to move
Osteoporosis symptoms
- no obvious symptoms until a minor fall or sudden impacts causes a fracture
- some cases: a sneeze can cause a rib fracture
Osteoporosis biological explanation
- occurs due to loss of protein matrix: results in a loss of bone density
- bones becomes brittle
- bones naturally become thinner with age
Osteoporosis causes
- losing bone is a normal part of ageing process: sometime can lead to osteoporosis
- risk factors: family history, drinking, smoking, eating disorder (bulimia or anorexia), long term use of certain medication (treatment for breast cancer)
- conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, coeliac or Crohn’s disease, COPD can increase risk of developing osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis symptoms
- joints become painful and stiff (knees, hips and small joint of hands)
- joint tenderness and increased pain if the joint has not moved in a while
- cracking noise or grating sensation
Osteoarthritis biological explanation
- general wear and tear of joint: cartilage can be lost: become inflamed
- cartilage reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber: without the cartilage, bones rub against eachother causing pain.
Osteoarthritis causes
- normal part of ageing
- risk of someone developing increases with age
- can be genetic
- being overweight or obese puts excess strain on the joint
- osteoarthritis can develop after an injury that causes damage to joint
Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms
- vary from person to person
- throbbing pain and aching, stiff joints
- joint can swell and become hot and tender
Rheumatoid arthritis biological explanation
- immune system mistakenly attacks cells lining the joints
- synovial membrane becomes inflamed and sore: gradually destroys cartilage.
Rheumatoid arthritis causes
-cause isn’t yet known: triggered by a virus or infection, cause an autoimmune response in which the body attacks its own tissues
- increased by smoking and hormones: more common in women due to higher levels of oestrogen
- could be inherited
Monitoring, treatment and care needs for arthritis
Medication:
- steroids to reduce swelling and inflammation of joints
- pain killers (paracetamol)
- corticosteroid injection into the joint to reduce swelling
Physiotherapy and exercise:
- joint manipulation (strengthen muscles around joints)
- assistance equipment: walking stick
- TENS: sends electrical impulses and can reduce pain
Surgery:
- arthroscopy to clean debris in joints
- arthroplasty: joint replacement
- osteotomy: bone is cut and re-aligned
Monitoring, treatment and care needs osteoporosis
Methods of monitoring:
- bone density scans
- blood tests
-fracture of unusual bones
Possible treatments:
- bisphosphonates: slow rate at which bone is broken down
- calcium and vitamin d supplements
- exercise
- using TENS
- Physiotherapy
