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LO5 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of nervous system

A

Central nervous system, spinal cord, autonomic system, sensory and motor neurones, peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Structure and function of central nervous system

A
  • control centre for body
  • consists of brain and spinal cord
  • spinal cord connects to the brain
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3
Q

Structure and function spinal cord

A
  • protected by specialised bone: vertebrae
  • these bones have a hollow centre through where the spinal cord runs
  • it transmits information to and from the brain through structures called nerves
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4
Q

Structure and function autonomic system

A
  • autonomic system controls and regulates processes such as the heart rate and gut movements
  • unconsciously controlled
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5
Q

Structure and function somatic system

A
  • sensory and motor neurones
  • sensory nerves transmit information from the senses (eyes, ears, etc.): to the brain.
  • motor neurones transmit information from brain to muscles
  • sensory and motor neurones work together e.g picking up pens
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6
Q

Structure and function peripheral nervous system

A
  • all nerves outside the central nervous system make up peripheral nervous system
  • relays information from brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body and information from body to brain.
  • peripheral nerves include autonomic, sensory and motor neurones
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7
Q

Structure and function of brain

A
  • look at images online of structure
  • cerebral cortex: wrinkly, outermost layer of the brain, responsible for thinking and processing sensory information: there are 4 lobes and each are responsible for processing different types of information.
  • cerebellum: positioned at the back of skull: co-ordinates and regulates muscle activity: gross and fine motor skills (walking and writing)
  • frontal lobes: carry out higher level mental processes such as thinking, decision asking and planning.
  • corpus callosum: is a bridge of nerve tissue that connects the two halves of the brain and enables communication between the two
  • hypothalamus: responsible for maintenance of the body temperature, regulating appetite and thirst, and letting us know when we need to eat or have fluids
  • medulla: automatically carries out and regulates life- sustaining functions: breathing, swallowing and heart rate.
  • Meninges: three layers of membranes surrounding the brain and the spinal cord: provide a barrier from rest of body and acts as a protection from infection.
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8
Q

Neuron structure and function

A
  • look at structure on diagram
  • neuron: specialised nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses from one part of the body to another.
  • axon: long thread- like part of nerve cell: impulses are conducted along: electrical impulses conduct away from cell body to other cells.
  • dendrite: short, branched structures on the neurone that receive electrical impulses and carry them towards the cell body.
  • myelin sheath: fatty white substance: surrounds the axon: protective, insulating lsayer
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9
Q

Structure and function of a synapse

A
  • information flows from one neurone to another across a synapse.
  • an electrical impulse travels along an axon
  • triggers nerve ending of a neurone to release chemical messenger called neurotransmitter.
  • these chemicals diffuse across synapse and transmit signals
  • they bind with receptor molecules of membrane of next neuron
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10
Q

Organisation and function of endocrine system

A

Endocrine system: made up of glands that secrete hormones.

Pancreas: gland situated near stomach: produces insulin: insulin is needed to control glucose levels in the body.

Pituitary: located at the base of brain: master gland: regulates all endocrine glands

Adrenal: 2 adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney: produce adrenaline, fight or flight hormone: released as a response to threat and prepares body to fight or run by raising heart and breathing rate

Thyroid: located in the lower front part of neck: produces thyroxine: affects growth and sustains metabolism

Ovaries and testes: reproductive glands: testosterone in male affects sexual development, growth of facial hair, sperm production.
Ovaries produce oestrogen and progesterone in women, control breast growth and reproductive functions e.g menstruation and pregnancy.

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11
Q

Structure of kidney

A

Cortex: the outer layer of kidney
Medulla: the inner region, contains thousands of nephrons.
Renal artery: supplies kidneys with blood.
Renal vein: carries blood filtered by the kidney:
Calyx: chambers through which urine passes
Ureters: tube that carry urine from kidney to the bladder.
Bladder: stores urine
Urethra: urine passes out of body through this.

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12
Q

Kidney has two main functions

A
  • both carried out by nephrons
  • removal of urea
  • maintenance of balanced water levels
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13
Q

Osmoregulation

A
  • controlled by controlling concentration of water in blood plasma
  • this keeps input from fluids and water loss constant
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14
Q

Removal of urea

A
  • water that is not put back into the blood, excreted in urine
  • nephrons consist of ball formed from small capillaries (glomerulus) and a small tube called renal tubule
  • ultrafiltration is when metabolic wastes are separated from the blood and urine is formed: occurs in the glomerular capsule
  • after filtration: kidneys selectively re absorb molecules that the body needs. These include: glucose, mineral ions.
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15
Q

Liver functions

A
  • deamination
  • detoxification
  • production of bile
  • absorb vitamins
  • cholesterol synthesis ( ensures you don’t have high cholesterol levels)
  • converts glucose to glycogen and stores it
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16
Q

Deamination

A
  • deamination occurs in the liver during protein metabolism
  • it results of production of ammonia (toxic waste)
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17
Q

Detoxification

A
  • liver converts the ammonia produced by deamination into urea, this is still waste but it is less toxic.
  • the urea is transported into blood and removed by the kidney in urine
  • the liver breaks down alcohol and removes it from blood
  • liver also breaks down drugs, such as paracetamol.
18
Q

Production of bile

A
  • bile is produced by the liver as a result of the breakdown of red blood cells.
  • bile is stored in the gall bladder until needed by the digestive system
  • bile emulsifies fats during digestive process
19
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant maternal environment. The nervous system and hormones are responsible for this.

20
Q

Example of homeostasis:

A
  • concentration of carbon dioxide in blood
  • body temp maintained at 37 degrees: enzymes work best at this temp
  • blood sugar levels, controlled by relate and storage of glucose: controlled by insulin
  • water content, to protect cells by preventing too much water from entering or leaving the cells.
21
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • if levels of something rises: control system reduces it again.
  • if levels of something falls: control system raises again.

Condition in body change from set point- change detected- corrective mechanism activated- conditions return to set point- corrective mechanism - (back to start)

22
Q

Example of negative feedback

A

Concentration of blood glucose increases above the normal- too much glucose in blood: negative feedback. From pancreas- pancreas secretes more insulin- liver and muscles convert glucose into glycogen and store it- concentration of blood glucose return to normal- (back to star)

23
Q

Stroke symptoms

A
  • face: dropped on one side
  • arms: not be able to lift both arms or keep them there
  • speech: speech may be slurred pr garbled
  • dizziness, confusion, problems with balance, difficulty swallowing, severe headaches.
24
Q

Biological explanation for stroke

A
  • ischaemic stroke: blood clot blocks the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain.
  • haemorrhagic stroke: occur when blood vessels in skull burst, bleeds into and around brain
25
Q

cause of stroke

A
  • high blood pressure in haemorrhage stroke, weaken arteries in brain
  • lifestyle factors: smoking, high fat diet, high sugar diet, excess alcohol, obesity, lack of excessive
  • age over 65: increases risk
26
Q

monitoring, treatment and care need for stroke

A

medication:
- alteplase dissolves blood clots and restores blood flow
-aspirin is an anti platelet, reduces clot forming
- beta blockers: medication to treat high blood pressure
-statins if cholesterol levels are too high

surgery:
- thrombectomy: removes blood clots, restores blood flow to brain
- surgical stents

treatments:
- feeding tube
- mobility aids
- physiotherapy

27
Q

multiple sclerosis symptoms and effects

A
  • fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness or tingling, muscle stiffness/ spasm
    -blurred vision
28
Q

multiple sclerosis biological explanation

A
  • autoimmune disease: immune system attacks the myelin sheath in the brain/ spinal cord: becomes inflamed: disrupts messages travelling along nerve
  • inflammation clears: scarring left behind on myelin sheath: damage to nerve
29
Q

Causes of multiple sclerosis

A
  • caused partly by genes and outside factors
  • not inherited, but 2- 3% chance of developing if you’re related to someone with the condition.
  • smokers are twice as likely to develop
  • viral infections
    -low vitamin d
30
Q

Monitoring, treatment and care needs of multiple sclerosis

A
  • has phases of severe symptoms and periods of remission
  • some individuals live a normal life, others rely on wheelchair: get care
  • no cure: treat symptoms: steroids used to treat relapses: individual will be supported by MS specialist and MS nurse
  • physiotherapist, speech therapist, language specialist and neurology specialist.
31
Q

Symptoms and effect of type 1 and 2 diabetes

A
  • feeling thirsty
  • feeling tired
  • urinating more often
  • weight loss
  • ## frequent episodes of thrush
32
Q

Diabetes type 1 and 2 biological explanation

A
  • Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas; a large gland found behind the stomach. Insulin controls the body’s glucose levels by moving glucose from the blood into body cells, where it is converted into energy.
  • Type 1 diabetes is autoimmune – the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells. That produce insulin.
  • Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body’s production of insulin is insufficient to control glucose levels. This means that glucose stays in the blood and is not used as fuel for energy. Untreated, this can cause organ damage.
33
Q

Diabetes type 1 and 2 possible causes

A
  • Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for Type 2; it has been found that fat around the abdomen releases chemicals that can upset the body’s cardiovascular and metabolic systems.
  • Having a relative with diabetes is also a risk factor (for both Type 1 and Type 2); the closer the relative, the greater the risk. An individual’s risk of developing Type 2 diabetes increases with age, maybe because people gain weight and exercise less as they get older.
34
Q

Nephrotic syndrome symptoms and effect

A
  • Swelling of the body tissues (oedema).
  • High levels of urine being passed.
  • A greater chance of catching infections due to the loss of protein antibodies.
  • Blood clots, as proteins that help prevent clots are passed out with the urine.
35
Q

Nephrotic syndrome biological explanation

A
  • The kidneys do not work properly, causing large amounts of protein to leak into the urine. Loss of protein through the kidneys (proteinuria) is due to an increase in permeability of the filtering membrane of the kidney (the glomerulus) due to kidney disease (glomerulonephritis). This leads to low protein levels in the blood (hypoalbuminemia), which causes water to be drawn into the soft tissues, resulting in oedema.
36
Q

Nephrotic syndrome causes

A
  • It sometimes occurs because of kidney damage caused by another condition, such as diabetes or sickle cell anaemia, and infections such as HIV, hepatitis or syphilis. It can also occur because of certain types of cancer such as leukaemia, multiple myeloma or lymphoma.
  • Congenital nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by an inherited faulty gene.
37
Q

Cirrhosis symptoms and effect

A
  • Nausea, weight loss, vomiting blood, loss of appetite, jaundice, swelling of legs/ankles/feet/abdomen, very itchy skin, confusion, memory problems, insomnia.
38
Q

Cirrhosis biological explanation

A
  • Alcohol-related liver disease: Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver caused by continuous, long-term liver damage. Scar tissue replaces healthy tissue and prevents the liver working properly and can lead to liver failure.
  • Haemochromatosis: A faulty gene allows the body to absorb excess amounts of iron from food. As a result, iron builds up over time and is usually deposited in the liver, pancreas, joints, heart, or endocrine glands.
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Build-up of fat in the liver cells. The liver can become inflamed, leading over time to scar tissue forming around the liver and nearby blood vessels; this leads to cirrhosis and eventually liver failure.
39
Q

Cirrhosis causes

A
  • Alcohol misuse – regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short time or drinking more than the recommended limits over many years.
  • A long-term infection with hepatitis C.
  • Obesity is a cause of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
40
Q

Impacts on lifestyle

A
  • side effects from medication
  • regular check ups and monitoring
  • waiting or recovering from surgery
  • waiting for kidney or liver transplant
  • dietary changes
  • home adaptations
  • emotional

Health and social care (6 decks)

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