LOC Chapter 3 Vocab

Question 1

ad hominem

Answer 1

refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker

Question 2

ad populum (band wagon)

Answer 2

occurs when evidence boils down to “everybody’s doing it, so it must be a good thing to do”

Question 3

appeal to false authority

Answer 3

occurs when someone who has no expertise has to speak on an issue is cited as an authority

Question 4

argument

Answer 4

a process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion

Question 5

assumption (warrent)

Answer 5

expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience

Question 6

backing

Answer 6

consists of further assurances or data without the assumption lacks authority

Question 7

begging the question

Answer 7

a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. it “begs” a question whether the support itself is sound

Question 8

circular reasoning

Answer 8

fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence

Question 9

claim

Answer 9

an assertion or proposition, a claim states the arguments main idea or position. it differs from topic or subject because it can be arguable

Question 10

claim of fact

Answer 10

asserts that something is true or not true

Question 11

claim of policy

Answer 11

proposes a change

Question 12

claim of value

Answer 12

argues that something is good, or bad, right or wrong

Question 13

the classical oration

Answer 13

5 part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. 5 parts are, intro, narration, confirmation, refutation and conclusion

Question 14

introduction (exordium)

Answer 14

introduces the reader to the subject under discussion

Question 15

narration (narratio)

Answer 15

provides factual info and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing

Question 16

confirmation (confirmatio)

Answer 16

usually the major part of a text, it includes the proof needed to make the writer’s case

Question 17

refutation (refutatio)

Answer 17

addresses the counterargument. its a bridge between the writers proof and conclusion.

Question 18

conclusion (peroratio)

Answer 18

brings essay to a satisfying close

Question 19

closed thesis

Answer 19

statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.

Question 20

deduction

Answer 20

logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (major premise) and applying it to a specific case (minor premise). usually demonstrated in the form of syllogism

Question 21

either/ or (false dilemma)

Answer 21

fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices

Question 22

faulty analogy

Answer 22

fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable.

Question 23

first-hand evidence

Answer 23

evidence based on something the writer knows, whether its from personal experiences, observations, or general knowledge of events

Question 24

hasty generalization

Answer 24

fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence

Question 25

induction

Answer 25

"to lead into." a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called generalization

Question 26

logical fallacy

Answer 26

potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it

Question 27

open thesis

Answer 27

thesis that doesn't list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay

Question 28

post hoc ergo propter hoc

Answer 28

"after which therefore because of which." it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. one may loosely summarize this fallacy by saying that correlation doesn't imply causation

Question 29

quallifier

Answer 29

uses words like "usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely" to temper the claim, making it less absolute

Question 30

quantitative evidence

Answer 30

includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers (surveys, statistics, polls, census info)

Question 31

rebuttal

Answer 31

gives voice to possible objections

Question 32

reservation

Answer 32

explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier

Question 33

rogerian arguments

Answer 33

based on the assumption that having full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating

Question 34

second-hand evidence

Answer 34

evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. includes factual, and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data

Question 35

straw man

Answer 35

fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea

Question 36

syllogism

Answer 36

logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion

Question 37

toulmin model

Answer 37

an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by Stephen Toulmin in his book, "the Uses of Argument"