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AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 - BIOPSYCHOLOGY > LOCALISATION OF FUNCTION IN THE BRAIN AND HEMISPHERIC LATERALISATION > Flashcards

LOCALISATION OF FUNCTION IN THE BRAIN AND HEMISPHERIC LATERALISATION Flashcards

1
Q

what was believed pre 19th century?

A

took a holistic approach saying that all parts of the brain were involved in processing thoughts and actions

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2
Q

what 2 psychologists are important in localisation of func?

A

Wernicke

Broca

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3
Q

what did Broca and Wernicke say?

A

specific parts of the brain are involved in specific psychological/physiological function

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4
Q

what can localisation of function also be referred to as?

A

cortical specialisation

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5
Q

wernicke and broca said if a certain area of the brain is damaged then…

A

the brain wouldn’t perform function

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6
Q

where is wernicke’s area?

A

left temporal lobe

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7
Q

what is wernicke’s area associated with?

A

language processing and comprehending information

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8
Q

can people with wernicke’s aphasia understand what someone is saying?

A

no

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9
Q

can people with wernicke’s aphasia respond?

A

yes but it is meaningless

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10
Q

where is broca’ s area?

A

left frontal lobe

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11
Q

what case study do you refer to in broca’s area?

A

LeBorgne, also known as Tan

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12
Q

explain the case study of Tan

A

understood spoken language, but couldn’t produce coherent words, could respond with left hand e.g. thumbs up/down

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13
Q

what is broca’s area associated with?

A

speech production

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14
Q

what does broca’s aphasia lead to?

A

slow, inarticulate and incomplete speech

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15
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

the motor area

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16
Q

what does the frontal lobe control?

A

voluntary movement in opposite side

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17
Q

what does damage to the frontal lobe do?

A

it means loss over fine movements e.g. facial movements, speech control etc.

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18
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

somatosensory area

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19
Q

what is the parietal lobe and frontal lobe separated by?

A

central sulcus channel

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20
Q

parietal lobe get ____ info from ____…

A

sensory information from skin e.g. pressure, touch and heat

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21
Q

what does the amount of area in parietal lobe amount to?

A

it amounts to the amount of receptors e.g. face takes up half of parietal lobe

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22
Q

what is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

visual area

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23
Q

where is the occipital lobe located?

A

at the back of the brain visual cortex

24
Q

if there is damage to the left hemisphere’s occipital lobe, what can be affected?

A

damage to BOTH eyes right visual fields

25
Q

what is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

auditory info

26
Q

what does the temporal lobe do?

A

analyse speech based info

27
Q

what can damage to the temporal lobe lead to?

A

produce partial hearing loss

28
Q

what are 4 evaluation points for localisation of function?

A

+ evidence from neurosurgery
+ brains scans support localisations
- language can be localised in other places
- phineas gage is not applicable

29
Q

there is evidence from _______ to support localisation

A

neurosurgery

30
Q

who found research for evidence for neurosurgery?

A

dougherty et al

31
Q

what did dougherty et al study?

A

44 ppl w/ OCD after cingulotomy, which had links to implications for OCD

32
Q

what did dougherty et al find?

A

at 32 weeks - 30% had a successful response and 44% had a partial responsed

33
Q

evidence from neurosurgery increases…

A

the credibility of the localisation of function, as it shows that different areas of the brain have different functions
increases practical application as it has increased theoretical value for treatment

34
Q

there is evidence from _____ ______ to support localisation

A

brains scans

35
Q

what do brain scans confirm?

A

localised area for everyday behaviour

36
Q

who studied brain scans?

A

Petersen et al

37
Q

what did Petersen et al find?

A

brain scans for wernicke’s area showed it was active during listening and for broca’s area showed it was active for reading

38
Q

brains scans increase the…

A

validity of the explanation because it is objective brain scan supporting localisation

39
Q

who criticises brain scan evidence?

A

Lashley

40
Q

how does Lashley criticise brain scan evid?

A

found that function was holistic in rats, removed 10-50% of frontal cortex, which didn’t affect learning

41
Q

a weakness of localisation is that ______ can be localised in other places

A

language

42
Q

it was found that by Dick and Tremblay that language is…

A

distributed more holistically

43
Q

who found that language can be distributed more holistically?`

A

Dick and Tremblay

44
Q

what did Dick and Tremblay find?

A

2% researcher agree with lang being in Wernicke’s and Broca’s area

45
Q

what did Dick and Tremblay find in fMRI scans?

A

language streams identified across the cortex, in right hemph and substructures such as the thalamus

46
Q

what does Dick and Tremblay’s research reduce?

A

reduces the validity of the exp as main studies may need to be repeated to see whether language is distributed more holistically throughout the brain

47
Q

a weakness of localisation of func is that case studies….

A

such as Phineas Gage are too unique

48
Q

Phineas Gage’s case being too unique reduces the…

A

generalisability of the theory

49
Q

why does Phineas Gage’s study not allow generaliability?

A

because the conclusion of his accident depends on the researcher, some people can say he changed because of his brain, whereas other can say it is due to trauma of the accident

50
Q

Case studies lower the…

A

population validity because most people will never go through something like that in their lifetime, and conclusions from the case are very subjective

51
Q

define localisation

A

different areas of the brain responsible for specific behaviours, processes or activities

52
Q

define lateralisation

A

different hemispheres responsible for different functions independently

53
Q

examples of lateralisation can be…

A

language in left hemph
left visual field in right hemph vice versa
left hand movement in right hemph vice versa

54
Q

what can the corpus callosum be known as?

A

headquarters of the hempishere

55
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

made up of nerve fibres, known as commissural fibres attached to both hemispheres

56
Q

what happens in the corpus callosum?

A

electrical impulses travel to hemisphere

57
Q

what is split brain procedure?

A

surgeons contain seizure ( overload of imp) to one hemisphere to reduce damage, cut corpus callosum, only last resort if medication doesn’t work

AQA A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 - BIOPSYCHOLOGY (12 decks)

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