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Functional groups
Cluster of atoms that are involved in chemical reactions
Hydroxyl
- Formula; OH
- Found in alcohols
Carboxyl
- Formula; COOH, COO-
- Found in acids
Carbonyl
- Formula; CO/COH
Amino
Formula ; NH2, NH3 +
Makes a molecule more basic
BONDING CAPACITY
Bonding capacity for common elements:
C - 4
H - 1
O - 2
S – 2 or 6
N – 3 or 5
P – 5 (in phosphate)
Properties of Hydroxyl
POLAR
Properties of Carbonyl
POLAR
Properties of Carboxyl
polar
acidic ( donates an atom)
Properties of Amino
polar
basic (accepts an atom)
Properties of Phosphate
polar
negatively charged
Properties of Sulfhydryl
Slightly polar
Macromolecules
large molecules composed of repeating subunits.
The subunits are called
What are the subunits in macromolecules called
MONOMERS
What does polarity depend on
The polarity of a covalent bond depends on electronegativity of atoms involved. Electronegativity: the measure of an atom’s attraction
for additional electrons
Ionic bonds
The complete transfer of one or more valence atoms. Full charges on resulting ions
Intermolecular bonds
- Bonds between molecules
- Weaker
- Determine state of matter
Van der Waals forces (LDF, dipole-dipole) or Hydrogen bonds
What is the most important feature of water
Its dipole nature. This means it has two charges. There is a small positive charge on each of the hydrogens and a small negative charge on the positive
The Importance of Molecular Polarity in Biology
Like Dissolves Like
The polarity of water organizes molecules into cells
Explain the meaning of “like dissolves like”
Polar liquid dissolves polar solid
Nonpolar liquid dissolves nonpolar solid
Nonpolar and polar do not dissolve
If two substances will dissolve, they are said to be miscible
If two substances will not dissolve, they are said to be immiscible
Hydrophobic
doesn’t mix w water
Hydrophyllic
mixes with water
Solvent
The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
Solute
A substance dissolved in another substance
