Locomotor Flashcards
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons: muscles to bones.
Ligaments: Bones to bones (or cartilage).
What is the axial skeleton?
Bones of the head, neck, trunk, ribs, sternum, vertebrae and sacrum.
What is the appendicular skeleton?
More mobile bones. Limbs, including scapula and pelvis.
What are splanchnic bones?
Found in soft organs: penis (os penis) and heart (ossa cordis). They give structure and shape to soft tissue.
What is the lining of the medullary cavity?
Endosteum (in-bone).
What is outside of the bone?
Periosteum (around-bone). Thought not at end of bone (hyaline articular cartilage for articulation with other bones).
How does blood enter a bone?
The nutrient artery enters via the nutrient foramen. Can stimulate oblique fracture.
What is the middle part of a long bone, and the end parts, and the part between?
Mid: diaphysis
End: epiphysis
Between: Metaphysis
What are the two bone types?
Cancellous (spongy)
Compact (cortical)
Describe cancellous bone:
Hollow, trebeculae (interconnect spaces filled with bone marrow). Honeycomb appearance.
Describe compact bone:
Outside of bones in the cortex. Hard and dense. Cylinders (osteons or Haversian systems) which run throughout.
Lamella build up around a central haversian canal which contain blood vessels and nerves.
What are the two ways which bones develop?
- Ossification: replacement of membranes with bone (skull).
- Endochondrial ossification: replacement of cartilage template by bone (most of the skeleton).
What are sesamoid bones?
Develop in tendons, found where tendons cross long ends of bones in limbs, protecting tendons from wear (best known is knee cap/patella).
What are the three cartilage types?
Hyaline (glassy). Most common. Randomly arranged collagen fibres (gives great strength). Found in most articular surfaces. Provides support in airways. Precursor of bone. Contains proteoglycans (minute sponges to trap water, allowing it to spring back into shape after compression).
Fibrocartilage: Contains high proportion of collagen fibres arranged in parallel [strong]. Found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysais.
Elastic cartilage: contains elastic fibres, found in external ear and epiglottis.
What are the three classes of joints?
Fibrous: Skull (sutures) evident in young animals, allow movement during birth. Syndemosis (interosseous membrane between radius and ulna). Attachment of a tooth to the bone.
Cartilaginous (primary and secondary). United by hyaline cartilage. Little or no movement. Growth plate between epiphysis and diaphysis. Costochondral junction.
Secondary (symphsis). Hyaline cartilage between fibrocatilage; fibro:hyaline:fibro. Allows limited movement; example is intervertebral disc positioned between the articular surface of two vertebrae.
Another secondary example is the pubic symphis which has a limited amount of movement.
Synovial: most common type, found in all joints of appendicular. Fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane, filled with synovial fluid in the synovial cavity. Allows for wide range of movement and is stabilized by ligaments where joint is mobile. Lubricating synovial fluid (egg white) provides nutrition to hyaline cartilage.
