logic Flashcards
Logic
Derived from Greek word “logos”, which means reasoned speech.
It is the study of how we reason and make sound judgement
Inductive reasoning
Specific- general.
Observing particular things and drawing general conclusions. Foundation for scientific revolution.
Deductive reasoning.
General statements- specific conclusions. The conclusions are based only on the statements. It is applied to certainty. Used commonly in medieval schools, as the primary method of thinking and reasoning.
Aristotle and the three rules of logic
1) Law of non contradiction
2) Law of excluded middle
3) Law of identity
Premise
A factual statement or proposition. It provides a reason for believing the conclusion.
Conclusion
A statement that follows the premise.
Syllogism
One of the basic forms of an argument. Contains two premises and a conclusion.
Formal logic
The study of how to tell good reasoning from bad reasoning.
Reasoning
the process of providing reasons in support of an idea or an action. It is the primary method in philosophy.
Argument
the use of one or more reasons to support an idea or action. its a combination of premises and conclusion
Inference
The mental process that occurs when we go rom a premise (reasons) to conclusions. It may lead to certain conclusions (deduction) or probable conclusions (induction)
Affirming the antecedent
Agreeing that the antecedent is true.
If p, then q
p
Therefore q.
Antecedent
Something that goes before/procceeds
Consequent
following as a result as
Denying the consequent
Denying that the consequent is true.
If p, then q
not q
therefore not p
chain argument
If p, then q.
if q, then r.
Therefore, if p, then r
Informal logic
Reasoning is found in everyday life
Judges the value of info and the strength of arguments
Rhetorical devices
Words/ arguments used to convince people through choice.
Relevance
Used for judging arguments.
“Does the argument have relevance to the topic being discussed?”
Empirical Value
Empirical info can be verified or obtained through senses
Non Empirical info
Expresses beliefs, values and opinions that cannot be verified through observation.
Bias
The tendency to view objects, people, or events from a particular point of view.
There are many sources of bias (environment, culture, or experience)
Can distort or weaken an argument
Reliability
Info and sources can be reliable when they are trusted. There are degrees and levels of reliability.
Logical fallacies
methods of an argument that contain flaws in how to conclusions are drawn
