Logic And Reasoning Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is logic
Derived from Logos
Process of reasoning and the validity of conclusions to produce sound judgement
Governs deductive reasoning - Aristotle
Reasoning
Process of forming conclusion, or inferences from facts or premises
Proposition
A statement that is true or false, questions or commands
Valid reasoning
Comply with the laws of thought
Laws of thought
Identity
Non-Contraction
The Excluded Middle
Rules of Thought
Ockham’s Theory
Sufficient reason
Identity
Law of thought
A is A, Tom is Tom
Impossible to think about it doesn’t have an identity
Non-Contradiction
Can’t be true and false at the same time
The excluded middle
A specific proposition is either true or false it enables us to assign a true-value to a proposition
Ockham’s Razor
Apply to inductive, when more then one can be correct, the fewest assumptions fewer entities to explain same facts is best
Sufficient Reason
Everything must have a reason or a cause. Allows us the answer the question “why”
Deductive reasoning
General premise to specific conclusion
Inductive reasoning
Specific premise to general conclusion
Deductive argument
Reached by reasoning only
Inductive argument
Conclusion is a general rule which is probably true, based on specific premises that are true
Abductive argument
Conclusion is most plausible explanation, given the premises are true, conclusion assumes simplest form. Adhere to Ockham’s razor
Valid deductive argument
Conclusion logically follows from, or is entailed in the premise. If one or more of premises are false, the conclusion will be false
Sound deductive argument
Argument with a valid form and true premises
Invalid deductive argument
Conclusion is not logically entailed in the premises
Strong inductive argument
High level of probability that the conclusion will follow from the premise based on past premise pattern
99.99%
Weak inductive argument
Low level probability that the conclusion will follow from the premise
51%
