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Logic: History Flashcards

1
Q

Basically concerned with the principles of valid inference

A

Logic

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2
Q

What is the meaning of logic?

A

Logic is the study of the principles and methods by which we distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning.

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3
Q

He is the first thinker to devise a logical system

A

Aristotle

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4
Q

He is known as the father of logic

A

Aristotle

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5
Q

It is a collection of five logical treatises written by Aristotle

A

Organon

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6
Q

What does Organon means?

A

Instrument

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7
Q

What are the 5 logical treatises of Organon?

A

COPPT

Categories
On Interpretation
Prior Analytics
Posterior Analytics 
Topics (w/ appendix: Sophistical Refutations)
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8
Q

What is the appendix inside the Topics?

A

Sophistical Refutations

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9
Q

What kind of logic did Aristotle made?

A

Syllogistic logic

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10
Q

Who worked on Aristotle’s logic after his death?

A

Theophrastus, student of Aristotle

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11
Q

It followed more the Eleatic school rather than the Peripatetic school

A

Megarian School

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12
Q

Who founded the Megarian School?

A

Euclides

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13
Q

Megarians focused on what?

A

Paradoxes
Modal notions
Conditional statements

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14
Q

Who owned the peripatetic school?

A

Aristotle

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16
Q

Produced a logical system that was viewed as a rival to Aristotle’s

A

Stoicism

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17
Q

Who founded Stoicism?

A

Zeno of Citium

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18
Q

Focus on the theory of conditional propositions

A

Stoicism

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19
Q

He dealt with the doctrine of predicables

A

Porphyry

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20
Q

What did Porphyry created?

A

Isagoge (Introduction)

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21
Q

He translated and commented on Aristotle’s logic

A

Boethius

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22
Q

What did Boethius introduced? What does it says?

A

“Problem of Universals”

-The whole art of logic is concerned with speech.

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23
Q

He used dialectic instead of logic

A

Peter Abelard

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24
Q

What are the works of Peter Abelard?

A

Dialectica (one of the 4 logic)

Consequentia or Hypothetical arguments: Modus ponens & Tollens

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25
Q

Name of Peter Abelard’s partner

A

Heloise, in the movie “Stealing Heaven”

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26
This concerns with Appellation and Supposition
Theory of Proprietates Terminorum
27
Doctrine about the reference of terms in various propositional contexts
Supposition Theory
28
He is the most important terminist logician in the 14th century
William of Ockham
29
What are the works of William of Ockham?
Summa Totius Logicae Ockham's razor
30
What is Ockham's razor about?
Entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem
31
He elaborated a full theory of consequences, a cross between entailments and inference rules.
Jean Buridan
32
Constructed a detailed and extensive investigation of syllogistic, and offers completeness proofs.
Jean Buridan
33
Period when logic was stagnant and not entirely us
After Renaissance
34
A stoic, and a master of logic
Chrysippus
35
This is an important textbook on logic; this was more of a manual or textbook on "Traditional logic"
Port Royal Logic
36
Who wrote Port Royal Logic?
Antoine Arnauld & Pierre Nicole
37
Port Royal Logic admired Aristotle's what but rejected the other works?
Prior Analytics
38
Port Royal Logic is a distinction between what and what of the general term
Comprehension and extension
39
During the modern logic, new studies on logic were done mostly by whom?
Mathematicians
40
Who are the 6 mathematicians during the modern logic?
``` Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Leonhard Euler John Stuart Mill George Boole John Venn Lewis Caroll ```
41
What is the name of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's project?
Characteristica Universalis
42
A kind of universal feature of language the use of which can make our language mathematically precise
Characteristica Universalis
43
What is Leibniz's dream for an ideal language?
Eliminate ambiguities and vagueness in our language
44
A system or device used to perform logical deductions within the framework set by the Characteristica
Calculus Ratiocinator
45
Who said, "The only way to rectify our reasonings is to make them as tangible as those of the mathematicians..."
Leibniz
46
What did Euler made?
Euler's circles, Letters to a German Princess on Diverse Subjects of Natural Philosophy
47
The German princess that Euler tutored
Friederike Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt
48
He is the most devoted to induction and the methodology of natural and social sciences
John Stuart Mill
49
What did Mill introduced?
Connotation and Denotation of Terms
50
What is the work of John Stuart Mill?
System of Logic: a connected view of the principles of evidence and the methods of scientific investigation
51
What are the works of George Boole?
Mathematical analysis of logic | Laws of Thought
52
What is the idea of George Boole?
That algebraic formula can be used to express logical relations
53
He used diagrams of overlapping regions to illustrate relations between classes or just truth-conditions of propositions.
John Venn
54
What is the work of John Venn?
Symbolic Logic
55
John Venn's diagrams were distinct from those of whom? And it illustrates who's logic?
Euler | Boole's logic
56
What was the work of Lewis Caroll?
Symbolic Logic
57
What did Lewis Caroll had written?
Alice in Wonderland
58
He also used a similar scheme
Lewis Caroll
59
What are the 3 overlapping traditions in logic
1. Algebraic School 2. Logicist School 3. Axiomatic School (Mathematical School)
60
Founders of Algebraic School
George Boole William Stanley Jevons John Venn
61
Founders of Logicist School
Bertrand Russel Ludwig Wittgenstein Gottlob Frege
62
Founders of Axiomatic School
Kurt Gödel | Allan Turing and Alonzo Church
63
Its aim is to develop calculi common to the reasoning in different areas, such as propositions, classes, and probabilities. The orientation is that of abstract algebra.
Algebraic School
64
Its aim is to codify the underlying logic of all relational scientific discourse into a single system.
Logicist School
65
It is focused on the languages and the axiomatizations themselves as objects for direct mathematical study
Axiomatic School

Philosophy - Prelims (8 decks)

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