Logical Fallacies

Question 1

Affirming the Consequent

Answer 1

If A, then B. B, therefore A. (FF)

Question 2

Denying the Antecedent

Answer 2

If A, then B. Not A, therefore not B. (FF)

Question 3

Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle

Answer 3

All A are B, all C are B, therefore all A are C. (FF)

Question 4

Non Sequitur

Answer 4

Conclusion does not logically follow from the premises. (FF)

Question 5

Quantifier Shift

Answer 5

Incorrectly changing the order of quantifiers in a statement, leading to an invalid conclusion. (FF)

Question 6

Ad Hominem

Answer 6

FOR) Attacking the person instead of the argument.

Question 7

Tu Quoque

Answer 7

FOR) Hypocrisy: “You do it too!”

Question 8

Appeal to Authority

Answer 8

FOR) Using an unqualified authority as evidence.

Question 9

Appeal to Popularity (Ad Populum)

Answer 9

FOR) Arguing that a claim is true simply because that’s what a large number of people believe.

Question 10

Appeal to Tradition

Answer 10

FOR) “It’s always been done this way.”

Question 11

Appeal to Novelty

Answer 11

FOR) Assuming something is better because it’s new.

Question 12

Strawman

Answer 12

FOR) Misrepresenting an argument to attack it more easily.

Question 13

Red Herring

Answer 13

FOR) Diverting attention with irrelevant information.

Question 14

Appeal to Emotion

Answer 14

FOR) Manipulating feelings rather than reasoning.

Question 15

Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum)

Answer 15

FOR) Using threats to persuade.

Question 16

Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericordiam)

Answer 16

FOR) Exploiting compassion to gain support.

Question 17

Begging the Question (Circular Reasoning)

Answer 17

FOP) The conclusion is assumed in the premise.

Question 18

False Dilemma (False Dichotomy)

Answer 18

FOP) Presenting two options as the only possibilities.

Question 19

Slippery Slope

Answer 19

FOP) One small step leads to a chain of related events without justification.

Question 20

Hasty Generalization

Answer 20

FOP) Drawing a conclusion from an inadequate sample.

Question 21

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Answer 21

FOP) Assuming causation from sequential order. After this therefore because of this.

Question 22

Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Answer 22

FOP) Correlation implies causation. With this therefore because of this.

Question 23

Loaded Question

Answer 23

FOP) A question that contains a controversial assumption.

Question 24

No True Scotsman

Answer 24

FOP) Defining a term in a biased way to exclude counterexamples. Avoids directly addressing the counterexample by arbitrarily redefining the term.

Question 25

False Analogy

Answer 25

FOP) Assuming that because two things are alike in one way, they are alike in others.

Question 26

Composition Fallacy

Answer 26

FOP) Assuming what is true of the parts is true of the whole.

Question 27

Division Fallacy

Answer 27

FOP) Assuming what is true of the whole is true of the parts.

Question 28

Appeal to Probability

Answer 28

possibiliter ergo probabiliter, "possibly, therefore probably" someone concludes something is certain or inevitable simply because it's possible or likely to happen. (FF)

Question 29

What is Argument From Fallacy also called?

Answer 29

Argument to Logic, Argumentum ad Logicam, the Fallacy Fallacy, the Fallacist's Fallacy, and the Bad Reasons Fallacy. (FF)

Question 30

Argument from Fallacy

Answer 30

logical error where someone infers that a conclusion is false simply because the argument used to support it contains a fallacy. (FF)

Question 31

Base Rate Fallacy

Answer 31

Ignoring statistical base rates in favor of specific information. (FF)

Question 32

Conjunction Fallacy

Answer 32

A cognitive bias where people incorrectly perceive a combination of two events (a conjunction) as more likely than either event happening on its own. (FF)

Question 33

Masked Man Fallacy

Answer 33

Making an illicit substitution of identicals in an argument, leading to a false conclusion. (FF)

Question 34

Retrospective Determinism

Answer 34

Claiming that because something happened, it was inevitable.

Question 35

Argument from Silence

Answer 35

(Argumentum ex Silentio) – Drawing conclusions from the absence of evidence.