Logical Fallacies and Errors

Question 1

_____ ______ is assuming the conclusion within the premises, e.g., ‘People should pay taxes because paying taxes is the right thing to do.’

Answer 1

Begging the question

This is a circular argument where the conclusion is included in the premise.

Question 2

Assuming that if ‘If A, then B,’ then ‘B, so A,’ which is invalid, e.g., ‘If Bo is kind, then Bo is wealthy. Bo is wealthy. Therefore, Bo is kind.’’

Answer 2

Affirming the consequent

This fallacy incorrectly assumes that the presence of B guarantees the presence of A.

Question 3

Assuming that if ‘If A, then B,’ then ‘Not A, so not B,’ which is invalid, e.g., ‘If Bo is kind, then Bo is wealthy. Bo is not kind. Therefore, Bo is not wealthy.’

Answer 3

Denying the antecedent

This fallacy ignores the possibility of other factors that could lead to B.

Question 4

Assuming that a false conclusion implies a faulty argument, e.g., dismissing an argument because its conclusion is false, without examining the reasoning.

Answer 4

‘fallacy fallacy’.

This fallacy overlooks valid reasoning that may lead to an incorrect conclusion.