long exam 1 Flashcards
(240 cards)
1
Q
What is ecology and what methods are used in its study?
A
Ecology is the study of the interactions among and between organisms in their abiotic (non-living or physical) environment. Its methods include in situ observations, controlled experiments, and modelling (virtually).
2
Q
How is an ecosystem defined and what is its role in the biosphere?
A
An ecosystem is defined as the interaction and interrelationship between the living community (plants, animals, and organisms) in relation to each other and the non-living community (soil, air, and water). It serves as the structural and functional unit of the biosphere.
ecosystem is the unit of the biosphere
3
Q
Are natural systems static or dynamic, and how do they maintain balance?
A
Natural systems are inherently balanced systems. However, the environment is not stagnant; ecosystems are constantly evolving and their components constantly shift/adapt to attain that balance.
4
Q
Can you name some natural predators mentioned in the sources?
A
Natural predators mentioned in the sources include the Humphead wrasse (Chelinus undulatus) and the Triton snail (Charonia tritonis), which preys on the Crown-of-thorns starfish (Acantahster plancii).
5
Q
How does energy flow through an ecosystem, and what is the primary source of energy?
A
Energy flows through the ecosystem. The primary source of energy in ecosystems is sunlight/solar energy. Energy is dispersed as heat at various stages within the food chain.
6
Q
What are the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis?
A
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide (6CO2) and water (6H2O) are used in the presence of light to produce sugar (C6H12O6) and oxygen (6O2).
7
Q
What type of sugar is produced in photosynthesis?
A
Glucose
8
Q
What is Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) and how much of it is used by plants?
A
Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) refers to light in the 400-700 nm wavelength range. Plants only harvest 1-10% of this available light.
9
Q
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
A
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only converted from one form of energy to another.
10
Q
What are the different trophic levels in an ecosystem?
A
The different trophic levels are: Producers (Autotrophs)
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
11
Q
Types of Energy:
A
Solar Energy, Chemical Energy, Kinetic Energy, Heat
12
Q
What are the two main types of reactions in photosynthesis and what are their products?
A
Photosynthesis involves light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (The Calvin Cycle).
13
Q
The products of light-dependent reactions are:
A
ATP and NADPH
14
Q
The product of light-independent reactions is
A
carbohydrates (sugar-glucose).
15
Q
What is the “10% Rule of Energy Transfer” in an ecosystem?
A
The 10% Rule of Energy Transfer states that only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level. For example, if producers have 100% of the energy, herbivores receive 10%, carnivores receive 1%, secondary carnivores receive 0.1%, and apex predators receive 0.01%.
16
Q
Levels of Biological Organization:
A
Atoms – Molecule – Cell – Tissue – Organ – Body System – Organism – Population – Community – Ecosystem – Biosphere
17
Q
Level of Organization from Cell to Organism:
A
Cell – Tissues – Organ – Organ System - Organism
18
Q
What is considered the fundamental unit of life and what are its two main types?
A
The cell is considered the fundamental unit of life. The two main types are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
19
Q
Prokaryotic Cell:
A
Without membrane-bound organelles.
20
Q
Eukaryotic Cell:
A
With membrane-bound organelles. Two types are animal and plant cell.
21
Q
Animal Cell:
A
10-30 micrometers in length. Typically, round or irregular shaped.
22
Q
Plant Cell:
A
10-100 micrometers in length. Typically, rectangular or cubic in shape.
23
Q
What are organelles and what is their significance in biological organization?
A
Organelles are small structures that exist within cells and have unique functions that support the cell’s life. They are considered the simplest level of biological organization.
24
Q
A population is?
A
consists of all the individuals of a species living within a specific area.
25
A community is?
the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area.
26
What is an ecosystem?
comprises all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, non-living parts of that environment.
27
The biosphere is?
the collection of all ecosystems, representing the zones of life on Earth.
28
What are the key abiotic factors that influence ecosystems?
The key abiotic factors are: Light intensity
Temperature
Moisture levels
Soil pH and mineral content
Wind intensity and direction
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
O2 (Oxygen)
29
Light intensity
Needed for photosynthesis
30
Temperature
Can trigger species migration and this alters the distribution of species. Can dictate the absence of presence of plant species
31
Moisture levels
Both plants and animals need water to be able to survive.
32
Soil pH and mineral content
Plants need a particular soil pH as if it is too acidic or too basic this could make the plant to die.
33
Nutrient plants need.
Plants also need nutrients from the soil such as nitrate, which is needed to make amino acids and proteins.
34
Wind intensity and direction.
Wind intensity affects plants due to transpiration. The stronger the wind, the more transpiration occurs which increases water loss.
35
Transpiration
is the process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere through evaporation
36
CO2
CO2 is needed for photosynthesis. If CO2 is low, the rate of photosynthesis will fall, and the plant cannot grow as quickly.
37
O2
O2 is needed for aerobic respiration. This is not usually a problem for on land species as O2 levels in the air stay consistent, but it can be an issue for aquatic organisms. Oxygen levels in the water can drop when the temperature is high, and this can affect aquatic organisms.
38
How does wind intensity affect plants?
Wind intensity affects plants due to transpiration, which is the process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere through evaporation. The stronger the wind, the more transpiration occurs, leading to increased water loss.
39
What are the key biotic factors that influence ecosystems?
The key biotic factors are: Food availability
Predators
Competition
New pathogens
40
Food availability
all sources of food are biotic factors, as they are living things. if the availability of food decreases, then the number of organisms in the community will also fall as the food chain has been disrupted.
41
Predators
predators eat prey. If a new predator arrives then this will make the population of the prey fall. the introduction of a new predator may also affect existing predators, as they are both competing for the same prey leading to a decrease in the population.
42
Competition
if a species is out competed the population will fall. if the numbers drop too low then there may not be enough individuals to allow reproduction, and the species is at risk of becoming extinct.
43
New pathogens
the introduction of pathogens can mean that a new infectious disease is spread. This could kill a whole population.
44
Predation:
Any interaction between two species in which one benefits by obtaining resources from and to the detriment of the other.
45
Competition:
Exists when multiple organisms vie for the same, limiting resource. This can be interspecific (between different species) or intraspecific (within the same species).
46
Mutualism:
Describes an interaction that benefits both species.
47
Commensalism:
One species benefits and the other remains unaffected.
48
Amensalism:
An interaction in which the presence of one species has a negative effect on another, but the first species is unaffected.
49
What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain represents just one path of energy transfer. In contrast, a food web illustrates all possible energy paths within an ecosystem. The arrows in both point to the eater, showing the direction of energy transfer.
50
What is ecological succession?
Ecological succession is the transition in species composition in a community over time.
51
What is primary succession?
Primary succession happens in environments where there is no presence of soil. Pioneer species like lichens and weathering help in soil formation, and the decomposition of dead organisms adds organic nutrients. Pioneer Species (Bare rock – Lichens – small annual plants and lichens – Grass and perennials) -> Intermediate Species (Grasses, shrubs, and shade-intolerant trees such as pines) -> Climax Community (Shade-tolerant trees such as oak and hickory)
52
What is a climax community?
A climax community is the final stage of succession, which remains relatively unchanged until it is destroyed by an event.
53
What is secondary succession and how does it differ from primary succession?
Secondary succession is initiated by an event where an already established ecosystem is reduced or drastically changed. It is characterized by the presence of pre-existing soil, unlike primary succession.
54
What is a biome?
A biome is an area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it. It is a specific geographic area known for its species and is dictated by abiotic factors such as temperature, moisture, and light.
55
How are biomes delineated, specifically regarding latitude?
Biomes are delineated by latitude, which indicates a place's location north or south of the equator, expressed by angular measurements from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles. Sunlight strikes most directly at the equator, resulting in more concentrated energy, while at higher latitudes, the sun's rays are oblique, diffuse, and cover a larger area.
56
Describe the three general climate zones based on latitude.
Polar, Temperate, Tropical
57
Polar:
Regions of the Earth surrounding the north and south poles, extending from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south.
58
Temperate:
The region between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South.
59
Tropical:
The region of the Earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
60
What are the two main types of biomes on Earth?
The two main types of biomes are Terrestrial and Aquatic.
61
How are major terrestrial biomes distinguished?
The major terrestrial biomes on Earth are distinguished by their characteristic temperatures and amount of precipitation.
62
What are the characteristics of the Tundra biome?
The Tundra is characterized by low, shrubby or mat-like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations, near the limit of plant growth. It is also characterized by soil with permafrost.
63
Describe the Taiga biome and the adaptations of its dominant trees.
The Taiga, also known as coniferous or boreal forest, is located in a band across northern North America, Europe, and Asia. It has few species of trees, primarily conifers.
64
Adaptations of conifers to the cold environment:
long, thin needles, thick, waxy cuticles, and sub-surface stomata.
65
What defines the Desert or Dunes biome?
Desert or Dunes biomes are characterized by low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall, resulting in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity.
66
What are the characteristics of Savannah?
Areas composed of widely scattered trees characterizes savannahs. It is found in areas of low or seasonal rainfall with prolonged dry periods (85-150 cm/year).
67
What are the characteristics of Rainforests?
Rainforests are found near the equator and have warm temperatures, high humidity, and heavy rainfall. Their annual precipitation ranges from 200-450 cm.
68
What are the different temperature layers found in ponds and lakes during summer?
In ponds and lakes, the shallowest, warm surface layer is called the epilimnion. The deepest layer, consisting of cold, dense water at the bottom, is called the hypolimnion. A thermocline is a layer in the body of water where temperature changes drastically located in the metalimnion.
69
What are the most productive seasons in ponds and lakes activity?
Overturn happens in Autumn and Spring.
70
Layers found in ponds and lakes during winter?
Ice -> 0 degrees near the surface -> 4 degrees to the bottom.
71
What are estuaries?
Estuaries are areas of water and shoreline where rivers meet the ocean or another large body of water.
72
How much of the Earth's surface does the ocean cover, and what percentage of habitable space does it contain?
Oceans cover 71 percent of the Earth's surface and contain 99 percent of the habitable space on the planet.
73
What is biodiversity?
Biodiversity is defined as the totality of species on Earth and the ecosystems where they thrive.
74
What are the three main levels of biodiversity?
The three main levels of biodiversity are Genetic, Species, and Ecosystem Diversity.
75
Genetic diversity:
Diversity within species, where each individual species possesses genes that are the source of its unique features.
76
Species diversity:
The number of species and abundance of each species that live in a location.
77
Ecosystem diversity:
The variety of different ecosystems within an area.
78
Why is biodiversity important and what aspects of human well-being does it sustain?
Biodiversity is important because it sustains human livelihoods.
It contributes to:
Solutions to climate change (e.g., climate adaptation, improved microclimates, water cycle sustainability).
Food (e.g., agricultural resilience, higher nutrition, sources and food security).
Cultural and economic value (e.g., recreational, energy, culture and identity).
Health (e.g., traditional and modern medicine, avoids spread from wildlife, physical and mental health).
79
How does indiscriminate logging affect biodiversity in the Philippines?
Indiscriminate logging causes significant damage to the Philippines' forest areas and biodiversity, with an estimated loss of 2.1% (100,000 ha) of forest cover per year during 2000-2005. This rate is considered the second fastest in Southeast Asia (next to Myanmar) and the seventh fastest in the world.
80
What is the impact of indiscriminate mining operations on biodiversity in the Philippines?
The country's Mining Code has led to a heavy influx of mining activity and investment in the Philippines. As of 2007, some 124 Mineral Production Sharing Agreements (MPSA) and approximately 4 Financial and Technical Assistance Agreements (FTAAs) had been issued.
81
How does increasing human population threaten biodiversity in the Philippines?
An annual population growth rate of 2.04% in the Philippines contributes to the conversion of forests and coastal areas into agricultural land and settlements, which directly threatens biodiversity. The Philippine population is projected to reach around 138.67 million by 2055 under one scenario.
82
What is the role of the IUCN?
The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) is the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global extinction risk status of animal, fungus, and plant species.
83
What are some of the extinction risk categories used by the IUCN?
The IUCN uses several categories for extinction risk, including: Data Deficient, Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct In The Wild (species known to survive only in cultivation/captivity), and Extinct (no doubt that the last individual has died).
84
What percentage of assessed species are threatened with extinction globally?
More than 47,000 species, which is 28% of all assessed species, are threatened with extinction. For specific groups, the percentages are: Amphibians (41%), Mammals (27%), Conifers (34%), Birds (12%), Sharks & Rays (37%), Reef Corals (44%), Selected Crustaceans (28%), Reptiles (21%), and Cycads (71%).
85
How many species are classified under the Philippine Red List for threatened terrestrial fauna across different categories?
As per the Philippine Red List of threatened terrestrial fauna (pursuant to RA 9147):
Extinct Species: 36 Species as of 2020.
Critically Endangered Species: 60 species.
Endangered Species: 61 species.
Vulnerable Species: 440 species.
Other Threatened Species: 545 species.
86
How many species are classified under the Philippine Red List for threatened plants across different categories?
As per the Philippine Red List of threatened plants (pursuant to RA 9147):
Critically Endangered Species: 179 species.
Endangered Species: 254 species.
Vulnerable Species: 406 species.
Other Threatened Species: 145 species.
87
What does Environmental Science (ES) reveal to us?
Environmental Science (ES) reveals the relationship between human activities and the environment, the effects of human activities on the environment, and teaches us how humans ought to manage the environment. It also delves into the processes that govern the environment.
88
What are the three main types of processes that govern the environment?
The environment is governed by: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Processes.
89
Physical Processes:
Processes that influence the shape and features of the Earth.
90
Chemical Processes:
Processes that produce new chemical substances or convert one to another.
91
Biological Processes:
Processes that are vital for organisms to function.
92
Why is Environmental Science considered interdisciplinary?
Environmental Science is considered interdisciplinary because it integrates concepts from the Natural World (e.g., water, climate, living organisms, landforms, Earth's resources) with aspects of Human Society (e.g., economics, politics, ethnic and cultural background, human activities, population growth).
93
Provide examples of the value of Environmental Science in addressing problems and needs.
Environmental Science is valuable in addressing problems and needs through:
Species Restoration (e.g., the Philippine Eagle Project).
Environmental Laws (e.g., the amended Philippine Fisheries Code, RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654, which introduces offenses like Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing, addresses high seas fishing, emphasizes compliance with conservation conventions, increases fines, and empowers enforcement).
Resource Management (e.g., sustainable utilization of major natural resources such as land, water, air, minerals, forests, fisheries, and wild flora and fauna).
94
What are ecosystem services?
Ecosystem services are the contributions that ecosystems give to human well-being.
95
What are the four types of ecosystem services?
The four types of ecosystem services are:
Provisioning Services
Regulating Services
Cultural Services
Supporting Services
96
What are Provisioning Services?
Provisioning Services are the direct products of an ecosystem.
97
What are Regulating Services?
Regulating Services are processes that regulate natural systems. Such as Aquifers and Wells. Also photosynthesis
98
What are Supporting Services?
Supporting Services are processes that support life. Ex. Photosynthesis, water cycle
99
What are Cultural Services?
Cultural Services are non-material benefits that contribute to the development and cultural advancement of people. Examples include the cultural practices of groups like the Badjao/Bajau ("man of the seas") and the T'boli "dream weavers".
100
Define sustainability according to the UN World Commission on Environment and Development.
According to the UN World Commission on Environment and Development, "sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". This concept also implies that resources are finite and should be used conservatively and wisely with a view to long-term priorities.
101
What are some characteristics that distinguish pseudoscience from science?
| Pseudoscience is characterized by:
The use of psychobabble (words that sound scientific but are used incorrectly or misleadingly).
A substantial reliance on anecdotal evidence.
Extraordinary claims in the absence of extraordinary evidence.
Unfalsifiable claims (assertions that cannot be refuted in principle).
An absence of connectivity to other research (assertions that do not build on existing knowledge).
Absence of adequate peer review.
Lack of self-correction (persistence despite refutation, sometimes relying on the "argument from antiquity").
102
What are the steps involved in the scientific method?
The scientific method, which outlines steps to produce reliable results or answer a question, typically includes: Ask a Question, Research and Form a Hypothesis, Experiment and Collect Data, Analyse Data, and Draw Conclusions. The process can be iterative, involving observation, research, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, and sharing results.
103
What are some philosophical concepts regarding man-environment relationships and natural environmental systems?
Some philosophical concepts include:
Man-environment relationships can be perceived and evaluated in various ways and approaches.
The biospheric ecosystem is governed by discernible processes.
The natural environmental system is governed by homeostatic mechanisms, meaning variables are regulated to keep internal conditions stable; destabilization leads to negative effects.
There is a reciprocal relationship between abiotic and biotic components of the natural environmental system, where physical processes create habitats, and biological communities modify the environment.
There is continuous creation, maintenance, destruction, and recreation of surface materials of the earth.
104
How are natural disasters defined?
Natural disasters are defined as catastrophic events with atmospheric, geological, and hydrological origins (e.g., droughts, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, landslides) that can cause fatalities, property damage, and social environmental disruption. The concept "KNOW DISASTERS, NO DISASTERS" highlights awareness in this context.
105
What is the primary focus of Environmental Science?
Environmental Science reveals to us the relationship between human activities and the environment, including the effects of human activities on the environment. It also teaches us how humans ought to manage the environment. Furthermore, it connects the Natural World with Human Society.
106
What types of natural processes does Environmental Science encompass?
Environmental Science encompasses Physical Processes, which are processes that influence the Earth's shape and features; Chemical Processes, which produce new chemical substances or convert one to another; and Biological Processes, which are vital for organisms to function.
107
In what way is Environmental Science described regarding its scope?
Environmental Science (ES) is described as interdisciplinary.
108
What are the key components of the "Natural World" as depicted in relation to Environmental Science?
The key components of the Natural World include Water, Climate (Air), other living organisms, Landforms, and Earth's resources, such as soil, water, mineral resources, and energy resources.
109
What aspects of "Human Society" are considered within the study of Environmental Science?
Aspects of Human Society include Economics, Politics, Ethnic and Cultural background, Human activities, and Population growth.
110
Can you give examples of how Environmental Science addresses problems and needs?
Environmental Science provides value in addressing issues such as Species Restoration (e.g., the Philippine Eagle Project), the development and application of Environmental Laws (e.g., the Fisheries Code of the Philippines or RA 8550), and Resource Management (the sustainable utilisation of major natural resources).
111
What are some of the salient features introduced by the Amended Philippine Fisheries Code (RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654)?
The salient features include: 1. Introducing Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing as new offenses. 2. Addressing high seas fishing and fishing in other coastal states by Philippine-flagged fishing vessels. 3. Emphasising compliance with conventions to conserve and manage living marine resources, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), using an ecosystem-based approach and the precautionary principle. 4. Increasing fines and adopting a graduation of penalties and a wide array of administrative penalties to ensure sanctions are dissuasive and have a deterrent effect. 5. Empowering the Department to ensure effective enforcement of regulatory measures, including notice of violation, cease and desist orders, ejection, and impoundment.
112
What does effective resource management entail?
Effective resource management involves the sustainable utilization of major natural resources, such as land, water, air, minerals, forests, fisheries, and wild flora and fauna. If resources are properly managed, they can continue to provide ecosystem services.
113
What are Ecosystem Services?
Ecosystem Services are defined as the contributions that ecosystems give to human well-being.
114
How many types of Ecosystem Services are there, and what are they called?
There are four types of Ecosystem Services: Provisioning Services, Regulating Services, Cultural Services, and Supporting Services.
115
Describe Provisioning Services.
Provisioning Services are the direct products of an ecosystem. Examples include food sources like mangoes, or water from aquifers and wells.
116
Describe Regulating Services.
Regulating Services are processes that regulate natural systems. Examples include photosynthesis, which regulates atmospheric gases, and pollination by bees, which is crucial for plant reproduction.
117
What is the status of pollinator populations in Europe, and what are the reasons for their decline?
In Europe, about a third of bee and butterfly populations are declining, approximately 20% of threatened bee species are endemic, and 10% of bee and butterfly species are endangered. The decline of pollinators is attributed to environmental pollution, climate change, land use change and loss of habitats, intensive agricultural management and pesticides use, and invasive alien species and diseases.
118
What are Cultural Services? Can you provide examples?
Cultural Services are non-material benefits that contribute to the development and cultural advancement of people. Examples include the Badjao or Bajau people, known as "man of the seas," and the T'boli "dream weavers" of South Cotabato.
119
What are Supporting Services? Can you provide examples?
Supporting Services are processes that support life. Examples include the water cycle and photosynthesis.
120
What is the widely accepted definition of "sustainability"?
According to the UN World Commission on Environment and Development, "sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
121
How should resources be managed for sustainability?
Resources are finite and, therefore, should be used conservatively and wisely with a view to long-term priorities.
122
What is the primary focus of Environmental Science?
Environmental Science reveals to us the relationship between human activities and the environment, including the effects of human activities on the environment [conversation history, 1]. It also teaches us how humans ought to manage the environment [conversation history]. Furthermore, it connects the Natural World with Human Society [conversation history].
123
What term describes Environmental Science regarding its scope?
Environmental Science (ES) is described as interdisciplinary [conversation history].
124
What are the key components of the "Natural World" considered within Environmental Science?
The key components of the Natural World include Water, Climate (Air), other living organisms, Landforms, and Earth's resources such as soil, water, mineral resources, and energy resources [conversation history].
125
What aspects of "Human Society" are integrated into the study of Environmental Science?
Aspects of Human Society considered include Economics, Politics, Ethnic and Cultural background, Human activities, and Population growth [conversation history].
126
What are the three main categories of natural processes encompassed by Environmental Science?
Environmental Science encompasses Physical Processes, which influence the Earth's shape and features; Chemical Processes, which produce new chemical substances or convert one to another; and Biological Processes, which are vital for organisms to function [conversation history, 1].
127
How does Environmental Science provide value in addressing real-world problems?
Environmental Science provides value in addressing issues such as Species Restoration (e.g., the Philippine Eagle Project), the development and application of Environmental Laws (e.g., the Fisheries Code of the Philippines or RA 8550), and Resource Management (the sustainable utilisation of major natural resources) [conversation history].
128
What environmental law related to fisheries was discussed, according to one of the sources?
The environmental law focusing on fisheries that was discussed is the Fisheries Code of the Philippines or RA 8550 [1, conversation history].
129
What are some of the salient features introduced by the Amended Philippine Fisheries Code (RA 8550 as amended by RA 10654)?
The salient features include: 1. Introducing Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing as new offenses. 2. Addressing high seas fishing and fishing in other coastal states by Philippine-flagged fishing vessels. 3. Emphasising compliance with conventions to conserve and manage living marine resources, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), using an ecosystem-based approach and the precautionary principle. 4. Increasing fines and adopting a graduation of penalties and a wide array of administrative penalties to ensure sanctions are dissuasive and have a deterrent effect. 5. Empowering the Department to ensure effective enforcement of regulatory measures, including notice of violation, cease and desist orders, ejection, and impoundment [conversation history].
130
What is the widely accepted definition of "sustainability" or "sustainable development"?
According to the UN World Commission on Environment and Development, "sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" [conversation history].
131
How should resources be managed for sustainability?
Resources are finite and, therefore, should be used conservatively and wisely with a view to long-term priorities [conversation history].
132
What does effective resource management entail?
Effective resource management involves the sustainable utilization of major natural resources, such as land, water, air, minerals, forests, fisheries, and wild flora and fauna. If resources are properly managed, they can continue to provide ecosystem services [conversation history].
133
What are Ecosystem Services?
Ecosystem Services are defined as the contributions that ecosystems give to human well-being [conversation history, 8].
134
How many types of Ecosystem Services are there, and what are their names?
There are four types of Ecosystem Services: Provisioning Services, Regulating Services, Cultural Services, and Supporting Services [conversation history, 8].
135
Describe Provisioning Services and provide an example.
Provisioning Services are the direct products of an ecosystem [conversation history]. Examples include food sources like mangoes, or water from aquifers and wells [conversation history].
136
Describe Regulating Services and provide an example.
Regulating Services are processes that regulate natural systems [conversation history]. Examples include photosynthesis, which regulates atmospheric gases, and pollination by bees, which is crucial for plant reproduction [conversation history].
137
What processes are involved in photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is both a biological and a chemical process.
138
What is the status of pollinator populations in Europe, and what are the reasons for their decline?
In Europe, about a third of bee and butterfly populations are declining, approximately 20% of threatened bee species are endemic, and 10% of bee and butterfly species are endangered [conversation history]. The decline of pollinators is attributed to environmental pollution, climate change, land use change and loss of habitats, intensive agricultural management and pesticides use, and invasive alien species and diseases [conversation history].
139
What are Cultural Services? Can you provide examples?
Cultural Services are non-material benefits that contribute to the development and cultural advancement of people [conversation history, 1 (implied false for "material benefit")]. Examples include the Badjao or Bajau people, known as "man of the seas," and the T'boli "dream weavers" of South Cotabato [conversation history].
140
Are cultural services considered a material benefit?
No, cultural services are non-material benefits that contribute to the development and cultural advancement of people [1 (implied false), conversation history].
141
What are Supporting Services? Can you provide examples?
Supporting Services are processes that support life [conversation history]. Examples include the water cycle and photosynthesis [conversation history].
142
In order for nature to provide ecosystem services, in what specific state do ecosystems need to be?
In order for nature to provide ecosystem services, ecosystems need to be in a stable state. The natural environmental system is governed by a homeostatic mechanism, and negative effects are created once the system is destabilized.
143
What is the "homeostatic mechanism" in a natural environmental system?
Homeostatic mechanism refers to the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant.
144
What are "natural disasters" and what are their origins?
Natural disasters are catastrophic events with atmospheric, geological, and hydrological origins.
145
Can you give examples of natural disasters mentioned in the sources?
Examples of natural disasters include droughts, earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes (landslides).
146
What major natural disaster affected the Philippines in 2013, and what was its impact?
A storm known locally as Yolanda struck the Philippines in 2013, killing more than 6000 people.
147
What are the philosophical concepts discussed regarding man-environment relationships and the natural system?
The philosophical concepts include: man-environment relationships can be perceived in various ways; the biospheric ecosystem is governed by discernible processes; the natural environmental system is governed by homeostatic mechanisms; there is a reciprocal relationship between abiotic and biotic components of the natural environmental system; and there is continuous creation, maintenance, destruction and recreation of surface materials of the earth.
148
What is the reciprocal relationship between abiotic and biotic components in the natural environmental system?
In this reciprocal relationship, physical processes create suitable habitats for biological communities, and biological communities (mostly man) modify the environment.
149
Describe the characteristics of the different intertidal zones: Low tide, Middle tide, High tide, and Spray zones.
The Low tide zone is always submerged by water. The Middle tide zone is most exposed to wave action and the changing of the tides. The High tide zone is periodically exposed to air and dehydration. The Spray zone does not get submerged in water at all.
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What is the general sequence of steps in the Scientific Method?
The general steps of the Scientific Method include: Observation, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion, and Share Results.
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Does science always have to follow a strict form?
No, science does not have to follow a strict form.
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What are some characteristics that distinguish pseudoscience from true science?
Pseudoscience exhibits several characteristics, including: the use of psychobabble (words that sound scientific but are used incorrectly); a substantial reliance on anecdotal evidence; extraordinary claims in the absence of extraordinary evidence; unfalsifiable claims (claims incapable of being refuted); an absence of connectivity to other research; absence of adequate peer review; and lack of self-correction.
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What is "psychobabble" in the context of pseudoscience?
"Psychobabble" refers to words that sound scientific, but are used incorrectly, or in a misleading manner. An example given is "energy therapies" for psychological problems premised on concepts like biofeedback or quantum energies that sound impressive but lack evidence.
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What kind of evidence does pseudoscience typically rely on?
Pseudoscience typically relies on anecdotal evidence, which is consequently difficult to verify.
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What is meant by "extraordinary claims in the absence of extraordinary evidence" in pseudoscience?
This means that in pseudosciences, assertions are often highly implausible in light of existing knowledge yet are not backed by convincing evidence. An example is the claim that a Q-Ray bracelet "rips [pain] right out of the body".
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What are "unfalsifiable claims" in pseudoscience?
Most pseudoscientific claims are incapable of being refuted in principle. For instance, the belief in an invisible energy force called "Qi" in traditional Chinese medicine is considered unfalsifiable because it cannot be measured or tested scientifically.
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What does "absence of connectivity to other research" mean for pseudoscience?
"Connectivity refers to the extent to which assertions build on extant knowledge". In pseudoscience, there is an absence of this, meaning its claims do not build on existing scientific knowledge. An example is the homeopathic claim that treatments become stronger as they become more dilute, which runs counter to established scientific knowledge.
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How does pseudoscience typically treat peer review?
Pseudoscience is characterized by an absence of adequate peer review, which is a key safeguard against error in science.
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What is "lack of self-correction" in pseudoscience?
This means that pseudosciences frequently persist despite refutation.
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What is the "ad antiquetem fallacy" (or argument from antiquity)?
The "ad antiquetem fallacy" is an error where proponents of pseudoscience use the idea that since a treatment or idea has been used for thousands of years, it must be correct. An example is using this argument to support astrology.
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What is ecology and what methods are used in its study?
most pseudoscientific claims are incapable of being refuted in principle. For instance, the belief in an invisible energy force called "Qi" in traditional Chinese medicine is considered unfalsifiable because it cannot be measured or tested scientifically.
162
Can you explain what an ecosystem is?
An ecosystem is the interaction and interrelationship between the living community (which includes plants, animals, and other organisms) and the non-living community (such as soil, air, and water). It is considered the structural and functional unit of the biosphere. Natural systems, which encompass ecosystems, are fundamentally balanced systems, although they are not stagnant and are constantly evolving, with components shifting and adapting to maintain this balance.
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What are the trophic levels within an ecosystem and how does energy flow through them?
Trophic levels describe the positions of organisms in a food chain. The main trophic levels are: 1. Producers (Autotrophs), which generate their own food. 2. Primary consumers, which feed on producers. 3. Secondary consumers, which feed on primary consumers. 4. Tertiary consumers, which feed on secondary consumers. The primary source of energy in ecosystems is the Sun. Energy flows from the Sun to producers, then to primary consumers, and subsequently to secondary consumers and decomposers. At each transfer, energy is dispersed as heat. The Law of Conservation of Energy dictates that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another, meaning energy is continually converted and transferred within the ecosystem.
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How much energy is typically transferred between trophic levels?
The sources mention the "10% Rule of Energy Transfer", which indicates that only 10% of the energy is passed on to the next trophic level. For example, if producers have 100% of the energy, herbivores (primary consumers) receive 10%, carnivores (secondary consumers) receive 1%, and secondary carnivores receive 0.1%, with apex predators only receiving 0.01%.
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How is solar energy utilised in ecosystems?
Solar energy is used by plants during photosynthesis. The specific range of solar radiation that plants can utilise for photosynthesis is called Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), which spans wavelengths from 400 to 700 nanometers. However, only a small fraction, typically 1-10% of this solar energy, is harvested by plants.
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What are the key processes of photosynthesis and their products?
Photosynthesis involves light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (the Calvin Cycle). Light-dependent reactions use sunlight, carbon dioxide (6CO2), and water (6H2O) to produce ATP and NADPH. Oxygen (6O2) is released as a byproduct. Light-independent reactions (the Calvin Cycle) utilise the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions, along with carbon dioxide, to generate carbohydrates (sugar).
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What are the levels of biological organisation from the most fundamental unit to the largest scale?
The levels of biological organisation begin at the simplest level with organelles, which are small structures within cells that have unique functions. From there, the hierarchy progresses as follows: * Cells: Considered the fundamental unit of life. Cells can be prokaryotic (without membrane-bound organelles) or eukaryotic (with membrane-bound organelles). * Tissue: A group of similar cells working together. * Organ: A structure composed of different tissues working together. * Body System / Organ System: A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. * Organism: An individual living thing. * Population: All the individuals of a single species living within a specific area. * Community: The sum of populations inhabiting a particular area, representing the interaction between different species. * Ecosystem: Consists of all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic (non-living) parts of that environment. * Biosphere: The collection of all ecosystems, representing the zones of life on Earth.
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What are the major abiotic factors that influence ecosystems?
Abiotic factors are the non-living or physical components of an environment that affect living organisms. Key abiotic factors include: * Light intensity: Essential for photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis increases with light intensity until it reaches a maximum level. * Temperature: Can trigger species migration and significantly alter the distribution of species. It also dictates the presence or absence of plant species. For aquatic organisms, high temperatures can lead to a drop in oxygen levels in the water, posing a problem for their survival. * Moisture levels: Water is vital for the survival of both plants and animals. * Soil pH and mineral content: Plants require a particular soil pH; if it's too acidic or too basic, the plant may die. Plants also need essential nutrients from the soil, such as nitrate, which is crucial for making amino acids and proteins. * Wind intensity and direction: Stronger winds increase transpiration in plants, leading to greater water loss. Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere through evaporation. * Carbon dioxide (CO2): Needed for photosynthesis. Low CO2 levels can reduce the rate of photosynthesis and inhibit plant growth. * Oxygen (O2): Necessary for aerobic respiration. While generally consistent for land species, oxygen levels in water can become problematic for aquatic organisms, especially when temperatures are high.
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What are the main biotic factors that affect populations within an ecosystem?
Biotic factors are the living components that influence an ecosystem. Key biotic factors include: * Food availability: All sources of food are living things. A decrease in food availability can disrupt the food chain and cause a fall in the number of organisms in the community. * Predators: Predators consume prey. The arrival of a new predator can cause the prey population to decline and may also affect existing predators due to competition for the same prey. * Competition: Occurs when multiple organisms vie for the same, limiting resource. This can be interspecific (between different species) or intraspecific (within the same species). If a species is outcompeted, its population will fall, and if numbers drop too low, reproduction may not be sufficient, risking extinction. * New pathogens: The introduction of new pathogens can lead to the spread of infectious diseases, potentially killing an entire population.
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Describe different types of community interactions.
Community interactions describe how different species interact within a shared environment. These interactions include: * Predation: An interaction where one species benefits by obtaining resources from another, to the detriment of the latter. * Competition: Occurs when multiple organisms vie for the same, limiting resource. This can be interspecific (between different species) or intraspecific (within the same species). * Mutualism: An interaction that benefits both interacting species. * Commensalism: One species benefits, while the other remains unaffected. * Amensalism: The presence of one species has a negative effect on another, but the first species remains unaffected.
171
What is ecological succession and what are its two main types?
Ecological succession is defined as the transition in species composition within a community over time. It describes how ecosystems change and develop following a disturbance or in newly formed habitats. The two main types are: 1. Primary Succession: This occurs in environments where there is no pre-existing soil. Pioneer species, such as lichens, initiate the process, and through weathering and their decomposition, they contribute to the formation of soil. Over hundreds of years, this can progress from bare rock to a climax community. 2. Secondary Succession: This type of succession begins after an event has reduced or drastically changed an already established ecosystem, but where pre-existing soil remains present. Examples include areas recovering from a fire or logging. Since soil is already present, this process typically occurs faster than primary succession. The climax community is the final stage of succession, which remains relatively unchanged until it is disturbed or destroyed by another event.
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What is a biome, how are they delineated, and what are the general climate zones?
A biome is an area of the planet classified by the plants and animals that live in it, which is largely dictated by abiotic factors like temperature, moisture, and light. It is a specific geographic area notable for the species residing there. Biomes are delineated by latitude, which specifies a location's position north or south of the equator, ranging from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles. The general climate zones based on latitude are: * Tropical: The region surrounding the equator, from 23.5 degrees North to 23.5 degrees South. * Temperate: The regions of Earth located between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North, and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South. * Polar: The regions of Earth surrounding the North and South poles, from 60 degrees North to the North Pole, and from 60 degrees South to the South Pole.
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What are the two broad types of biomes on Earth?
The two broad types of biomes are: 1. Terrestrial Biomes: These are the major land biomes on Earth, each distinguished primarily by its characteristic temperatures and amount of precipitation. 2. Aquatic Biomes: This is the largest of all biomes, covering approximately 75% of Earth’s surface.
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Can you list and describe some terrestrial biomes?
Some terrestrial biomes mentioned in the sources include: * Tundra: Characterized by low, shrubby or mat-like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations, near the limit of plant growth. The soil in the tundra is typically characterised by permafrost. * Taiga (Coniferous or Boreal Forest): Located in a band across northern North America, Europe, and Asia. It has few tree species, primarily conifers, which have adaptations for cold environments such as long, thin needles, thick, waxy cuticles, and sub-surface stomata. * Desert or Dunes: Characterized by low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall. Landscapes in this biome are dominated by plants and animals that are adapted to aridity. * Savannah: Areas composed of widely scattered trees. Found in regions with low or seasonal rainfall and prolonged dry periods, typically receiving 85-150 cm of annual precipitation. * Grassland: An area dominated by grasses, such as a prairie or meadow, which is good for grazing animals. * Rainforests: Found near the equator, characterised by warm temperatures, high humidity, and heavy rainfall. Annual precipitation in rainforests ranges from 200-450 cm. * Ice Caps: Large bodies of land ice that form when large snowfalls and low temperatures cause snow to transform into ice that persists for many years.
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What are the different aquatic biomes?
Aquatic biomes are diverse and include: * Ponds & Lakes: These are stationary bodies of freshwater, with ponds being smaller than lakes. Lakes have distinct layers, including the epilimnion (the shallowest, warm surface layer) and the hypolimnion (the deepest, cold, dense water at the bottom). A thermocline is a layer within the water body where temperature changes drastically. * Rivers & Streams: These are moving bodies of freshwater that flow towards another water channel or the ocean. * Estuaries: These are areas of water and shoreline where rivers meet the ocean or another large body of water. * Ocean: Covers 71% of the Earth’s surface and contains 99% of the habitable space on the planet. The ocean biome includes various zones such as the intertidal zone, photic zone, aphotic zone, pelagic realm, and benthic realm.
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What is biodiversity and what are its three main levels?
Biodiversity is defined as the totality of species on Earth and the ecosystems where they thrive. It represents the variety of life on Earth at different scales. The three main levels of biodiversity are: 1. Genetic diversity: Refers to the diversity within a species, where each individual possesses unique genes that are the source of its unique features. 2. Species diversity: This is the number of different species and the abundance of each species that live in a particular location. 3. Ecosystem diversity: Encompasses the variety of different ecosystems within an area.
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Why is biodiversity important for human livelihoods?
Biodiversity is crucial as it sustains human livelihoods through various functions: * Solutions to climate change: Including climate adaptation, improved microclimates, and water cycle sustainability. * Food security: Providing agricultural resilience, higher nutrition, and diverse sources of food. * Cultural and economic value: Offering recreational opportunities and contributing to culture and identity. * Health: Supporting traditional and modern medicine, promoting physical and mental health, and helping to avoid the spread of diseases from wildlife. * Energy: Providing various energy sources.
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What are the main threats to biodiversity in the Philippines?
The biodiversity in the Philippines faces several significant threats: * Indiscriminate logging: The damage to the country's forest areas and biodiversity was estimated at a loss of 2.1% (100,000 hectares) of forest cover per year during 2000-2005. This was the second fastest rate in Southeast Asia and the seventh fastest globally. * Indiscriminate mining operations: The country's Mining Code has led to a heavy influx of mining activity and investment. As of 2007, 124 Mineral Production Sharing Agreements (MPSA) and about 4 Financial and Technical Assistance Agreements (FTAAs) had been issued. * Increasing human population: With an annual population growth rate of 2.04%, the Philippine population is projected to reach around 138.67 million by 2055 under Scenario 2. This growth leads to the conversion of forests and coastal areas into agricultural land and settlements. * Over-harvesting of resources: Resources are over-harvested for food, and for ornamental and medicinal purposes. * Infrastructure development: Projects such as road networks, irrigation systems, water resource management, and power and energy initiatives directly and indirectly affect biodiversity.
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What is the IUCN Red List and what are its categories for species extinction risk?
The IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) is the world's most comprehensive information source on the global extinction risk status of animal, fungus, and plant species. The IUCN Red List categorizes species based on their risk of extinction, including: * Data Deficient: Inadequate information to make an assessment of its risk of extinction. * Least Concern: No immediate threat. * Near Threatened: Close to qualifying for a threatened category. * Vulnerable: Under threat throughout its range and likely to be Endangered in the future. * Endangered: Not Critically Endangered, but survival in the wild is unlikely if threats persist. * Critically Endangered: Facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future. * Extinct In The Wild: Species known to survive only in cultivation or captivity. * Extinct: There is no doubt that the last individual has died. Globally, more than 47,000 species are threatened with extinction, representing 28% of all assessed species.
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How many Philippine species are currently on the Red List of threatened terrestrial fauna and plants?
As per the Philippine Red List, updated through Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (RA 9147) and DENR Administrative Order 2019-09, the numbers are: For threatened terrestrial fauna: * Critically Endangered Species: 60 species. * Endangered Species: 61 species. * Vulnerable Species: 440 species. * Other Threatened Species: 545 species. For threatened plants: * Critically Endangered Species: 179 species. * Endangered Species: 254 species. * Vulnerable Species: 406 species. * Other Threatened Species: 145 species. It is illegal to trade, collect, or harm these threatened species unless explicitly covered by a permit from DENR.
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Can you give examples of species that were declared extinct in 2020 according to IUCN?
In 2020, the IUCN confirmed the extinction of 36 animal and plant species. Examples include: * Fish: Barbodes amarus (Lake Lanao, Philippines), Chitala lopis (Java, Indonesia). * Plants: Ochrosia kauaiensis (Hawaii), Leucadendron grandiflorum (South Africa). * Mammals: Pipistrellus sturdee (Japan), Nyctophilus howensis (Australia). * Insects: Ameles fascipennis (Italy). * Trees: Roystonea stellata (Cuba), Monteverdia lineata (Cuba). * Amphibians: Oophaga speciosa (Panama), Atelopus chiriquiensis (Costa Rica).
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Spray zone
does not get submered in water at all
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High tide zone
Periodically exposed to air and dehydration
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Middle tide zone
Most exposed to wave action and the changing of the tides
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Low tide zone
Always submerged by water
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Abiotic Factors
Non-living or physical components of an environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems. Examples include temperature, light intensity, moisture levels, soil pH, mineral content, wind intensity, CO2, and O2 levels.
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Amensalism
A community interaction where the presence of one species has a negative effect on another, but the first species remains unaffected.
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Aquatic Biome
The largest biome type, covering about 75% of Earth's surface, consisting of water-based environments like ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, and oceans.
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Autotrophs (Producers)
Organisms that produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis, forming the base of the food chain.
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Biodiversity
The totality of species on Earth and the ecosystems where they thrive. It encompasses genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
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Biosphere
The collection of all ecosystems on Earth, representing the zones of life on Earth.
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Biotic Factors
Living components within an ecosystem that affect other organisms, such as food availability, predators, competition, and pathogens.
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Cell
The fundamental unit of life, categorised into prokaryotic (without membrane-bound organelles) and eukaryotic (with membrane-bound organelles) cells.
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Climax Community
The final stage of ecological succession, remaining relatively unchanged until disturbed by an event.
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Commensalism
A community interaction where one species benefits, and the other remains unaffected.
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Community
The sum of populations inhabiting a particular area, representing all the different species living and interacting in a given place.
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Competition
A community interaction that exists when multiple organisms vie for the same, limiting resource. It can be interspecific (between different species) or intraspecific (within the same species).
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Cultural Services
Non-material benefits that ecosystems provide, contributing to the development and cultural advancement of people, such as spiritual enrichment, recreation, and aesthetic experiences.
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Decomposers
Organisms (like bacteria and fungi) that break down dead organic matter and waste products, returning nutrients to the ecosystem.
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Ecological Succession
The transition in species composition in a community over time. It can be primary (starting on bare ground) or secondary (following a disturbance in an existing ecosystem).
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Ecology
The study of the interactions among and between organisms in their abiotic (non-living or physical) environment.
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Ecosystem
The interaction and interrelationship between the living community (plants, animals, and organisms) and the non-living community (soil, air, and water). It is the structural and functional unit of the biosphere.
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Ecosystem Services
The contributions that ecosystems provide to human well-being, categorised into provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services.
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Environmental Science (ES)
An interdisciplinary field that reveals the relationship between human activities and the environment, focusing on the effects of human activities and how to manage the environment.
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Epilimnion
The shallowest, warm surface layer in a body of water like a lake.
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Estuaries
Areas of water and shoreline where rivers meet the ocean or another large body of water.
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Food Chain
A single, linear pathway of energy transfer, showing which organisms eat which others.
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Food Web
A complex network illustrating all possible energy paths within an ecosystem, showing the interconnected feeding relationships among organisms.
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Greenhouse Effect
A natural process where some infrared radiation emitted by Earth's surface is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and re-emitted, warming the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere.
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Homeostatic Mechanism
The property of a natural environmental system where variables are regulated to maintain stable and relatively constant internal conditions.
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Hypolimnion
The deepest layer of cold, dense water at the bottom of a lake.
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Ice Caps
Large bodies of land ice formed by persistent snow and low temperatures over many years.
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IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
The world's most comprehensive information source on the global extinction risk status of animal, fungus, and plant species. It maintains the Red List of Threatened Species.
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Latitude
A geographical measurement indicating a location's position north or south of the equator, ranging from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles, crucial for delineating biomes.
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Mutualism
A community interaction that benefits both species involved.
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Photosynthesis
The process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to create sugar (food) and oxygen. It involves light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
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Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (400-700 nm) that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis.
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Pioneer Species
The first species to colonise a barren environment in primary succession, or an area after a disturbance in secondary succession.
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Population
All the individuals of a single species living within a specific area.
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Predation
Any interaction between two species in which one benefits by obtaining resources from, and to the detriment of, the other.
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Primary Consumers (Herbivores)
Organisms that feed on producers (autotrophs).
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Primary Succession
Ecological succession that occurs in environments where there is no pre-existing soil, such as on bare rock or newly formed volcanic land.
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Producers (Autotrophs)
See Autotrophs.
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Provisioning Services
Direct products obtained from ecosystems, such as food, fresh water, raw materials, and genetic resources.
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Regulating Services
Processes by which ecosystems regulate natural systems, such as climate regulation, water purification, disease control, and pollination.
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Savannah
A terrestrial biome characterized by widely scattered trees and vast grasslands, found in areas of low or seasonal rainfall with prolonged dry periods.
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Scientific Method
A systematic approach involving asking a question, research, forming a hypothesis, experimenting, collecting and analysing data, and drawing conclusions to produce reliable results.
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Secondary Consumers (Carnivores/Omnivores)
Organisms that feed on primary consumers.
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Secondary Succession
Ecological succession that occurs in an area where an already established ecosystem has been reduced or drastically changed, but the soil remains present (e.g., after a fire or logging).
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Supporting Services
Processes that are fundamental to sustaining life on Earth, such as nutrient cycling, soil formation, and primary production (photosynthesis).
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Sustainability
The concept of meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, advocating for conservative and wise use of finite resources.
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Taiga (Coniferous or Boreal Forest)
A terrestrial biome characterized by coniferous trees, found in northern regions of North America, Europe, and Asia.
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Temperate Zone
The region of Earth between 23.5° North and 60° North, and between 23.5° South and 60° South.
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10% Rule of Energy Transfer
The principle stating that only about 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next, with the rest dispersed as heat.
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Terrestrial Biomes
Major land-based biomes on Earth distinguished by characteristic temperatures and precipitation amounts.
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Thermocline
A layer in a body of water where temperature changes drastically, typically found between the epilimnion and hypolimnion.
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Transpiration
The process by which plants lose water to the atmosphere through evaporation, primarily from their leaves.
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Trophic Levels
The different levels in a food chain or food web, describing where organisms obtain energy (e.g., producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers).
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Tropical Zone
The region of Earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5° North to 23.5° South.
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Tundra
A terrestrial biome characterized by low, shrubby or mat-like vegetation and permafrost, found at extremely high latitudes or elevations.
