Long Quiz (1-10) Flashcards by GV Kayela Velez

Photolithotropic bacteria

Chromatium okenii

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Photoorganotroph –

Rhodospirillum rubrum

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Either chemolithotrophs or chemoorganotrophs –

Pseudomonas pseudoflava

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Chemolithotropic heterotrophs-

Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

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Bacterium that causes leprosy –

Mycobacterium leprae

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Differential-

blood containing agar medium

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Selective media-

cellulose, antibiotics

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Useful for cultivating microaerophilic bacteria-

semisolid media

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Bacteria that has an optimum pH of 2.0-3.5 and can grow in a range between pH 0.5 and 6.0 –

Thiobacillus thiooxidans

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The cells are lined side by side like matchsticks –

Corynebacterium diphtheria

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Disks arranged like stacks of coins –

caryophanon

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Bacteria that has gliding motility-

Cytophaga spp.

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They help to protect bacteria from thermal injury –

teichoic acid

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Can be easily destroyed by treatment of an enzyme called lysozyme-

gram positive

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Dormant, thick walled, dessication resistant forms that develop by differentiation of a vegetative cell and which can later germinate under suitable conditions –

cysts

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Bacteria that has monotrichous flagellar arrangement –

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Bacteria that has peritrichous flagellar arrangement –

Salmonella typhi

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Prosthecate bacterium that undergoes transverse binary fission –

Prosthecobacterium fusiformis

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Bacteria that reproduce by budding –

Rhodopseudonomonas acidophila

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Used to measure viable cells –

plate count method, membrane filter method

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Medium containing crystal violet dye-

gram negative intestinal bacteria

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MacConkey agar –

gram negative intestinal pathogens (shigella, salmonella)

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Selected when mixed culture can be heated to 80’c for 10 mins –

endospore forming bacteria

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Bacteria selected when cultures are incubated at 0 to 5’c –

psychrophilic bacteria

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Bacteria selected when cultures are incubated at 55’c –

thermophiles

Alkali tolerant organisms (high pH) –

Vibrio cholera

Extremely susceptible to S. pneumoniae –

mice

This manipulation thins out the bacteria on agar surface-

streak plate technique

Used for isolation of stringent anaerobes-

roll tube technique

Methods of maintenance and preservation of pure cultures

Periodic Transfer to fresh media, Ovelying cultures with mineral oil, Lyophilization, Storage at low temperature

Smooth colonies:

Streptococcus pneumoniae, salmonella

Rough colony:

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Serratia marcescens-

red

Blue water soluble pigment –

pyocyanin

Sparingly water soluble-

chlororaphin

Coenzyme of thiamine –

cocarboxylase

Low molecular weight organic molecule-

coenzyme

Fluorescent pigment-

pyoverdin

Sequences of reactions performed by enzymes-

pathways

Coenzyme of niacin-

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Substances acted on by enzymes-

substrates

Two most striking characteristic of enzymes

1. high catalytic efficiency 2. high degree of specificity for substrates

A class of enzyme that catalyze the addition to double bonds in a molecule as well as nonhydrolytic removal of chemical groups –

lyases

Formation of bonds with cleavage or breakage of ATP-

ligases

Usually involves the modification of or inactivation of one or more functional groups of the enzyme so that it is no longer active –

nonreversible inhibition

Inhibition that can be reversed by increasing the substrate concentration-

competitive inhibition

Inhibits the activity of the enzyme-

feedback inhibition

Denotes all the organized chemical activities performed by a cell-

metabolism

Inhibition of the synthesis of enzyme-

end product repression

Reducing agent:

ferrous ion, atomic hydrogen, succinic acid

Oxidizing agents:

ferric ion, hydrogen ion, fumaric acid

The tendency to absorb electrons-

standard oxidation-reduction potential

Sequences of oxidation-reduction reactions that occur in cells-

electron transport chains

Where respiratory chains are associated in procaryotes/bacteria-

cytoplasmic membrane

Most common pathway of glucose catabolism –

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

End product of glycolysis-

pyruvate

Viewed as shunt of glycolysis-

pentose phosphate pathway

Pathway of glucose catabolism that s fairly widespread particularly among gram negative bacteria-

entner doudoroff pathway

Other name for pentose phosphate pathway-

hexose monophosphate shunt, phosphogluconate pathway

Reactions used by anaerobes to produce energy-

fermentation

Lactic acid bacteria

streptococcus, lactobacillus, leuconostoc

Sequence of reactions that generate energy in the form of ATP and reduced coenzyme molecules

tricarboxylic acid cycle

Total number of ATP produced in glycolysis?

Total ATP produced in TCA cycle?

Total yield of ATP from aerobic respiration

Component of fats that can be converted into intermediates of the glycolytic pathway

glycerol

Process where fatty acids are oxidized by the successive removal of 2-carbon fragments in the form of acetylCoA

beta oxidation

Used by some microorganisms when acetate is the sole carbon source

glyoxylate cycle

Entry point for the TCA cycle

citrate

Generation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Phosphorylation

Glanders causative agent

Pseudomonas mallei

Conditions affecting enzyme activity

1. Concentration of enzyme 2. Concentration of substrate 3. pH 4. Temperature

Coenzyme of riboflavin (B2)

Riboflavin adenine dinucleotide

Coenzyme of Pyridoxine (B6)

Pyridoxal phosphate

Coenzyme of folic acid

Tetrahydropholic acid

Product of transcription

RNA

Product of translation

Protein

A short sequence of RNA synthesized by RNA polymerase and is complementary to the DNA which serves as a template

primer

First step in gene expression

Transcription

The strand of DNA selected for transcription in a given segment, contains specific initiation site

Sense strand

Initiation of RNA polymerase activity in bacteria

Sigma factor

Tetrameric protein factor, binds to RNA polymerase and promotes its termination

Rho factor

First step in protein synthesis

Activstion of amino acids

Amino acids a re activated by amino acid-activating enzyme called?

aminoacyl-tRNA synthases

Site of protein synthesis

ribosome

When a number of 70s ribosomes are actively engaged in protein synthesis on a strand of mRNA

Polysome

Transport of nutrients by bacteria

1. Passive diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Group translocation 4. Active transport

3 kinds of building blocks in the peptidoglycan

1. acetylglucosamine 2. acetylmuramic acid 3. eptide consisting 4 or 5 amino acids of limited variety

principal method of carbon dioxide fixation in autotrophic bacteria

Calvin cycle, C3 cycle or light-independent or dark reaction of photosynthesis

Primary product of carbon fixation in calvin cycle

3-phosphoglyceric acid

a change in the nucleotide sequence of the gene

mutation

a cell/organism which showes the effects of mutation

mutant

test that proved that phage resistance was a result of mutation

fluctuation test

used for isolating nutritional mutants of E. coli

replica plating

population of cells descending from a single cell

clone

Types of mutation

Point mutation, Frameshift mutation

Why do mutations occur

1. exposure to UV 2. exposure to radiation 3. exposure to various chemicals

types of mutagenic chemicals

1. compounds that react directly with DNA 2. base analogs 3. intercalating agents

Examples of intercalating agents

acridine, orange proflavin, nitrogen mustard

Long Quiz (1-10) Flashcards

(100 cards)