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CLPS 0450 > Long Term Memory > Flashcards

Long Term Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Define Amnesic Syndrome

A

Profound long-term memory impairment with a relative preservation of all other intellectual capacities

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2
Q

Retrograde vs. Anterograde Amnesia

A

Retrograde = inability to remeber memories that were encoded prior to brain damage
Anterograde = inability to learn new information after brain damage

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3
Q

What are the two Amnesic related brain damages?

A

Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia

Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome

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4
Q

Describe Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia

A

Classic Amnesia syndrome
- They are consious of their memory impairment and will say “i don’t know”

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5
Q

What causes Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia?
Name exmaples of individuals that had this amnesia

A

Damage to the hippocampus that results in a grave loss of recent memory

Lobotomy: performed to relieve phsycotic symptoms
- Mesial temporal lobe resection procedure
- Bilateral Hippocampal lesions

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6
Q

What causes Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome?
How can the syndrome be treated?

A

Thiamine deficiency + alcohol abuse
- leads to bleeding in the MTL

Can be treated with thiamine, whcih would allow the patient to live and enter the Korsakoff phase

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7
Q

Damage of what areas of the brain are associated with Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Mammillary bodies
or
Anterior thalamic nuclei

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8
Q

Describe the phases of Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

1) Wernicke phase
2) Korsakoff phase

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9
Q

Describe the Wernicke phase of Alcoholic Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

transient confusional state
- Gait disturbancce
- Optic apraxia
- Confusion

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10
Q

Korsakoff phase

A
  • Chronic and severe amnesia
  • Personality changes
  • Tendency to confabulate (fill in memory gaps with false memories)

Example
- Patients can forget as quickly as somone disappearing behind a door and entering and the patient does not know who they are

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11
Q

Where was the site of patient B.J’s damage? (patient who was involved in a bar brawl in England)

A

Mammillary bodies

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12
Q

Where was the site of patient B.J’s damage? (patient who injured by a fencing accident)

A

Anterior thalamic nuclei

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13
Q

Where was the site of patient H.M’s damage? (patient who underwent a surgery due to epilepsey )

A

Bilateral Hippocampal lesions

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14
Q

What are the two distinctions of long term memory?

A
  • Declarative memory
  • Nondeclarative memory
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15
Q

Define delaritive memory

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A

Memory that you can declare into consciousness & consiously recollect

Facts (semantic memory): Who is the president of the united states? or What is the month of the year?

Events (episodic memory): What did you have for dinner last night? or What did you do on your first day at Brown?

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16
Q

Define nondeclarative memory

Give 3 examples of nondeclartive memory

A

Implicity acessed, shown by preforming a task.
- Skill learning (mirror tracing, mirror reversed reading, tower of hanoi)
- Perceptual priming (prime -> word puzzle)
- Conditioned responses between two stimuli (eye blink + air puff)

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17
Q

What does the distinction between declarative vs. non declarative memory indicate in terms of brain anatomy?

A

That the medial temporal lobe system is critical for declarative memory

  • The hippocampus creates a unitifed representation of memory
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18
Q

What does declarative memory require/reflect?

A

Requires binding information across cortical areas into unitary representations that can be declared into consciousness
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory

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19
Q

What does non declarative memory reflect?

A

Reflects changes within the sensory, motor, and perceptual processing systems themselves

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20
Q

What structures are within the medial temporal lobe system?

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Entorhinal cortex
  • Parahippocampal cortex
  • Perirhinal coretx
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21
Q

Describe the pathway of those systems

A

1) Perirhinal cortex
2) Parahippo-campus cortex (can feed directly back into entorhinal cortex or into entorhinal)
3) Entorhinal cortex
4) Hippocampus

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22
Q

Define Epesodic Memory, contrast it to semantic memory

A

Episodic memory = events
- Specific personal experiences from a particulat time and place
- Ex. Memory of your first time riding a bike

Semantic memory = facts
- World knowledge, object knowledge, language knowledge, conceptual priming
- Ex. Memory that a bike is a mode of transportation

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23
Q

What tests were used to determine what type of non-declarative memory is impaired specifically?

What were the results?

What was a pitfall?

A

Episodic test: Logical Memory subset of WMS
- Read a paragraph
- Had to recall information in paragraph
- Anterograde

Semantic memory”
- Vocabulary subtest of WAIS
- Asking what words mean. (Ex. What does boast mean?)
- Retrograde

Results
- Amnesics were impaired in epesodic test BUT normal in semantic task

Pitfall
- Did not distinguish between retrograde and anterograde

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24
Q

What was the first test used to distinguish between anterograde and retrograde while trying to learn what parts of declarative memory is specifically impaired in amnesic partients?

What were the results?

A

Studied patient HM’s knowledge of words that were new since his operation in 1953 in comparison to those that were not
- Lexical decision, recall, and recognition of definitions

Results: Temporal Gradient
- H.M. normal on premorbid semantic knowledge, moderatley impaired on knowledge from the 50s, and severley impaires on knowledge from 60s onward

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25
Q

What was the second test used to distinguish between wether amnesic individuals are impaired in their episodic or declarative memory

A

Assessed individuals who have been amnesic since birth
1) Copying complex visuals and then draw it form delayed recall = They could not draw from memory
2) Recalling information about a story = They could remeber a decent amount immediatley after. Dellayed recall = could not remeber
3) Word list recalling: Memory of words immediatley after is decent. Memory of words after delay is significantly imapired.

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26
Q

What was peculiar about the memory of the patients who have been amnesic since birth

A

Their semantic memory acquisition was intact, and they progressed through school normally

They performed well on
- Vocabular subtest
- Comprehension subtest

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27
Q

What did Vargha- Khadem et al. propose?

A

Proposed a heirarchial account of episodic and semantic memory

28
Q

What does the hierarchial account of episodic semantic memory propose?

A

Semantic memory is associated with
- Perirhinal cortex
- Parahippocampus cortex
- Entorhinal cortex

Episodic memory
- Hippocampus

29
Q

How was the hierarchial account of episodic and semantic memory tested?

A

2 patients who had different hippocampal damage
- They were tested on their recognition of meanings for words introduced after the onset of amnesia
- Results show that they were equally impaired in episodic memory, however patient PS who had damgage to specifically the hippocampus only was more better at the semantic recognition task than patient SS who had damage to the hippocampus and neighboring areas

30
Q

What does the asymetry of the hierarchial account of episodic and semantic memory potentially argue?

A

Selective deficit in episodic memory, with an intact semantic memory

However if you have a deficit in semantic memory, you must ALSO have an impairment in episodic memory

31
Q

What is semantic dementia?

A

A variant of prontotemporal dementia

32
Q

What are the 3 primary behavioural variants of semantic dementia?

A
  • Progressive non-fluent aphasia
  • Behavioral variant
  • Progressive fluent aphasia
33
Q

What are semantic dementia patients impaired in?
What are they not impaired in?

A

Impaired
- Semantic Memory

Intact
- Episodic Memory (on non-verbal perceptual tasks)

34
Q

Name a method through which semantic dementia patient’s semantic memory was tested

What were the results of this testing?

A

1) Semantic Memory Test: “Name the item (ex. a telephone)”
2) Episodic Memory Test: Perceptually Identical – “Which of the items, did you see earlier (ex. that same telephone, alarm clock, printer)”. Perceptually Different – “Which of the items, did you see earlier (ex. different looking telephone, alarm clock, printer)”.

Results
- Varied in their accuracy of semantic memory, BUT intact episodic memory
- They were perfectly fine under the perceptually identical condition, but impaired under the perceptually different condition

35
Q

What does the observations on semantic dementia patients, indicate about the hierarchial account of episodic and semantic memory?

A

Episodic and semantic memory are two functionally independent memory representations

36
Q

What does the independent account of episodic and semantic memory indicate?

A

Information can be independently encoded into semantic memory and not episodic memory and vise versa

37
Q

What does the standard Model of Consolidation assert?

A

Retrograde memory loss suggests that old memories may not be fully consolidates at the time of injury

38
Q

Define consolidation

A

Process by which moment-to-moment changes in brain activity are translated into permanent structural changes

For a period of time those memories that have been aquired are still dependent on the hippocampus until they are made permanent
- Once they are made permanent, they are no longer dependent upon the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe system

39
Q

What does the standard model of consolidation asset about permancence and where memories are stored?

A
  • Medial temporal lobe contribution to memory is temporary
  • AKA binding by the hippocampus is temporary – the hippocampus is necessary early on to binding a memory into a unified representation
40
Q

How does consolidation occur and what does it lead to?

A

Consolidation occurs though repeated activation of representations in coretx that maintain memory independently

1) Overtime with repeated activation
2) A cortical representation that is bound by the hippocampus
3) Gets consolidated and stabilized in the cortex as a representation
4) The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe are no longer needed to bind it together
5) MEMORY is NO LONGER DEPENDENT ON THE HIPPOCAMPUS

41
Q

What does the standard model of consolidation overall imply?

A

Implies a time-limited temproal gradient for remote memory

42
Q

What experiment was performed on Alcoholic Korsakoff Patients that aligned with the standard model of consolidation?

What were the results of the expeirment?

A

Famous Face Recognition Test and Public Events Questionnaire

Results
- Clear time limited-temporal gradient.
- More recent memories are impaired, older memories are in tact.

43
Q

What experiment was conducted to mitigate the idea that alchoholics were imapired on their recent memories due to their alcoholism issues?

A

Patient PV was a famous phsycologist who wrote an academic biography two years proceding his alcoholic Korsakoff diagnosis.

Experimenters used his biography to ask him questions and asess whether he had a temproal gradient

Results:
- He was impaired in remembering more recent memories in his life in comparision to his older memories

44
Q

Define Transiet Global Amnesia

A

Rapid onset of antergrade and retrograde amnesia typically lasting 6 to 10 hours
- Typically occurs after a stressfull experience that results in a decrease bloodflow that specifically affects the hippocampus
- Short period of time, hippocampus was disfunctional
- Damage specifically localized to the CA-1 field of the hippocampus

45
Q

What did testing transient global amnesia patients indicate about the function of the hippocampus?

A

1) Impaired on all Episodic Memory tasks (except perceptual tasks!! ex: copying)
2) Remote Memory showed a temproal gradient

46
Q

Why do some amnesic patients NOT show a temporal gradient?

A

Used differnet methods for matching memories across time periods
- Matching for memorability at time of testing in normal controls
- Memories that keep being rehersed are no longer eposodic memories, but semantisized memories of that experience

47
Q

Given the relationship between memorability and semantic information, how can the temporal gradient of memory be interpreted?

A
  • The older memories that the Korsakoff patients recall, are not true episodic memories they are more semantic (there is less of a re-living quality)
  • The more recent memories that the Korsakoff patients recall, are truly episodic which is a testament to their deficit.
  • There are different types of memories across those two time periods

In conclusion
Matching for memorability at time of testing
- Old items are semantically encoded
- New items are episodically encoded
- There is a gradient

Matching for memorability at time of occurence
- All items were had a medium amount of memorability
- Old and new items were encoded the sme amount
- NO TEMPORAL MEMORY GRADIENT

48
Q

Is there a temporal gradient for episodic memory?

A

No.
When you control for the saleince or memorability of the events you are asking Korsakoff patients about. It shows that there is no temporal gradient for episodic memory.

49
Q

Define the standard model of consolidation in terms of the temporal gradient

A

Time-limited temporal gradient for both episodic and semantic memory

50
Q

What is the multiple trace theory?

A
  • Hippocampus always necessary for retreival of episodic memory
  • Semantic memory becomes stronger over time
51
Q

What is one possibility that concerns why episodic memory is always dependent on the hippocampus?

A

The hippocampus is critical for imagining experiences
- old and new

The hippocampus is essential for the
RE-EXPERIENCING of episodic memory

52
Q

Describe the relationship between episodic memory and imagination

A

Episodic memory and imaginging or reconstructing events share similar processes
- Imagery
- Sense of presence

Both episodic memory and imagining involve the salient vizualization of an experience within a rich spatial setting or context

53
Q

What experiment was conducted to examin the relationship between the himpocampus and imagination

A

“Imagine you’re lying on a white sandy beach in a beautiful tropical bay”

Experimenters assessed their ability to imagine

54
Q

What are the conclusions made concering hippocampal amnesics and imaginability?

A

1) Hippocampal amnesics have a deficir in richly imagining new experiences
2) Role of hippocampus extends beyond reliving past experiences, encompassing the construction of fictious experiences
3) Absence of this function may fundamentally affect the ability to re-experience or reconstruct past events

55
Q

Describe frontal lobe amnesic patients

A

Frontal patients display relativley intact anterograde memory

However, they have a mild decrement due to need for strategic retreival processes

56
Q

Describe Temporal Ordering task given to frontal lobe amnesic patients
- How are these kinds of tests conducted?
- What are the experiment results?

A

3 part experiment:
Subjects given a list of 15 words to study, and then asked to reproduce the list order from random array of words.

1) Word recall = slightly impaired
2) Word recognition = intact
3) Word sequencing = significantly impaired

57
Q

Describe the Memory for Frequency of Occurerence task
- How are these kind of tests conducted?
- What are the experiment results?

A

Shown a series of designs
- Decided whether they were composed og straight lines, curved lines, or both

Each design was presented a certain number of times ranging from1-9
- Later aksed to asses how many times each design had occured

Results:
- Once subjects hit the threshold of 3, everyone’s performance seemed to flatline.
- Underestimate the amount the amoutnf of times that a design was seen
- The frontal amnesic patients were particularly impaired

58
Q

Describe the Source Memory task
- How are these kind of tests conducted?
- What are the experiment results?
- What are the two kinds of source errors associated with this task?

A

Learned 20 trivia facts that they didnt already know
- Ex. “The name of the dog on the Cracker Jacks box is Bingo”

One week later, given a cued recall test for the 20 learned facts and 20 other facts
- Ex. “What was the name of the dog on the Cracker Jacks box?”

When answered correctly, asked to recollect source of the infromation

Extra-Experimental Source Error
- Recalled learned fact, but said it was from another source

Experimental Source Error
- Recalled other fact, but said it was from the learning source

Results:
Frontal lobe patients were specifically impaired, and had the most source errors in comparison to controls

59
Q

Define Metamemory

A

Awareness of one’s memory capabilities, and knowledge about strategies that can aid memory

60
Q

Describe the Metamemory task
- How are these kind of tests conducted?
- What are the experiment results?

A

Given 24 scentences to learn
Patti’s garden was full of marigolds””

Cued Recall Test
- “Patti’s garden was full of ___”

Feeling of Knowing
- Rate on 4-point scale of likelihood of recognizing answer

Recogntition test
- Coorelate performance with feeling of knowing ratings

Results
- Frontal lobe amnesics after a 5 minute delay are significantly impaired in comparision to controls. (controls after 3 days = amnesic patients after 5 mins)
- When memory was strong for both subject groups
- Frontal patients were signigicantly impaired on predicting whether they would get it on the recognition test

61
Q

Define Memory in Healthy Aging

A

Age-associated memory impairment resembles milder form of frontal lobe memory impairment

62
Q

Give and example of a task with which age-associated memory impairment subjects would be impaired

A

Source Error task

63
Q

What experiment was conducted on older patients to study their aging and impaired inhibitory processes
- Describe the procedure?

A

Selective Attention Paradigm
- Tones presented at irregular interval
- 30-minute radio show of a story

Told to either
- Ignore tones and listen carefully to story
- Attened to tones and ignore the story that will play in the backround

All while their skin conductance orienting response is being studied

64
Q

Describe the experiment results of the Selective Attention Paradigm used on older patients to study their impaired inhibitory processes

A

Results of the skin conductance test indicated that older adults did not attenuate to the tones, whereas younger adults did

65
Q

Describe the tests given to older patients to asess their memory for frequency of occurence

A

Ideograms Study
Novel stimuli shown 0 to 6 times
- Ideograms

Later given pairs of stimuli
- Asked which item was seen more frequently

Results:
- Impaired at discriminating how many times they saw an item similar to frontal lobe amnesic patients

Mere Exposure Study
- Repeated exposure leads to higher ratings on ‘likeability scale’
- Novel ideo grams presneted either 1,3, or 9 times
- Asked how much they like the items

Results
- Impaired explicit but not implicit memory for frequency

66
Q

Describe the relationship between False Memory and Frontal Lobe Function in older subjects

A
  • Subjects read a list
  • Given a recognition task containing a target word that is strongly associated with some of the words on the list
  • They remeber seeing the target word on the list low frontal lobe function =

Older adults with high frontal lobe fucntioning = look just like younger adults

Older adults with lower frontal lobe functions are impaired on overall recognition for studied items.

Declines in vertical memory and increases in false memory are not inevitable consequences of aging

67
Q
A

CLPS 0450 (9 decks)

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