Long-term Memory Flashcards
(19 cards)
Types of long-term memory (LTM)
DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT)
-LTM from events + facts
- can be declared
- involves conscious recollection
- impaired in amnesiacs
NON-DECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT)
- reflected through skills/changes in behaviour
- eg how to ride bike
- doesn’t involve conscious recollection
- preserved in amnesiacs
Distinction between LTS and STS
Specific brain impairments=m selective memory deficits
Selective memory impairments after removal of some medial structure in left temporal lobe
- post surgery> severely amnesic
- could remember events before surgery
- intact short term memory + no-declarative memory
- could not form new explicit long-term memories
What is the serial position curve?
Common finding in word-list experiments
Refers to patters of recall where:
1. Words at beginning of list= well remembered (have been rehearsed- transferred to LTM)
2. Words in middle= remembered poorly
3. Words at end = remembered well, still in STM
Processing and strategies: SPACING EFFECT
Memory = better for info when study of material spaced/ distributed
Shorter study periods, more sessions
Processing + strategies: levels of processing
Making info more meaningful makes it more memorable
- makes it more disinvite
- allows for richer processing
Ask ppl to encode words deeply, according to meaning = better recall than coding shallowly
Processing + strategies: expecting to teach
Recall better when studens expected they would have to teach what they learnt to others
Process material actively
Reliability of memory: Permastore
Very long-term stable memories
Amount of info in Permastore= how well material OG learnt
Although forgetting slows eventually, memeory = subject to reconstructive forces - causing distractors
Distortions
Conventionalisation: simplifying info
Transformation: changing details that didn’t make sense
Omission: leaving out details
Commission: making up new details
If given long story, don’t remember verbatim. Instead reconstructs details accordion to their expectation.
Boat story study
Distortions and reconstruction:
Info in LTM not necessarily recorded + stored in pristine form
Remembering = reconstructive
We make sense of new info + relate it to info we already know
Schema- info may/may not become assimilated
Schema/ skripts
Use of past to deal with new experiences
Stored body of knowledge about a topic
What’s the function of schema/ scripts?
Help understand incoming info
Categorise new instances of events
Guide interpretations
Don’t have to be accurate
Form of schema?
Stereotype (often inaccurate)
Restaurant schema: simpler what went on
Schematas effect on recall
Remember more details relevant to operative schema
Our organised past experiments (Schemata) helps us make sense / interpret new experiences
Effects of geneder schemata on recall
Shown image of man/ woman preforming gender- consistent or inconsistent tasks
Asked to recall action preformed by man/ woman
When recalled wrong- more often recalled some preforming gender-consistent task, when they didn’t.
What does schemata do ?
Strutted our work knowledge + influence memeory encoding, storage + retrieval
Reliability of memory: learning questions
Watched videos of car crash
Asked how fast cars were going when hit/bumped/contacted/ smashed etc
Highest estimate when words like smashed used
Lowest estimate when word like contact used
Post-evening missinformation
Shows slides of accident
Car passes stop or yield sign
Then asked question containing consistent or inconsistent info (said ‘while stopped at yields sign, when actually saw stop sign)
2o min oater asked to self which sign they saw
When given consistent info: correct 75% of time
When inconsistent: correct 41% of time
Missinformation:
Memeory can be systematically distorted by was questions are phrased
Stop and yield example
Memory conformity
Ppl who didn’t see whole event, bit discuss with others who did see it, mistakenly recall deaths they never saw
