Looking Back Through Biocultural and Cultural Evolution

Question 1

is the process by which living organism change over time

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

it’s the gradual accumulation of changes in the heritable characteristics of a population of organisms over successive generations

Answer 2

Evolution

Question 3

this can lead to the formation of new species or the extinction of old ones

Answer 3

Evolution

Question 4

evolution happens slowly over many generations

Answer 4

Gradual Change

Question 5

the changes must be passed down from parent to offspring

Answer 5

Heritable Traits

Question 6

Evolution occurs in populations, not individuals

Answer 6

Population-based

Question 7

factors like natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation play a role in evolution

Answer 7

Driven by Various Factors

Question 8

Principles of Evolution

Answer 8

• Variation
• Hereditability
• Differential Reproductive Success
• Natural Selection

Question 9

every species is made up of a variety of individuals

Answer 9

Variation

Question 10

some are adept to their environment compared to others

Answer 10

Variation

Question 11

traits are passed down from parents to offspring through genetic inheritance

Answer 11

Hereditability

Question 12

for evolution to occur, traits must be heritable so that they can be selected for or against

Answer 12

Hereditability

Question 13

it refers to the variation in the number of offspring produced by different individuals within a population

Answer 13

Differential Reproductive Success

Question 14

organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment will survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in subsequent generations

Answer 14

Differential Reproductive Success

Question 15

it is the mechanism by which organisms with traits that better enable them to survive and reproduce in particular environment are more likely to pass on those traits to their offspring

Answer 15

Natural Selection

Question 16

was a renowned English naturalist and geologist whose work on the theory of evolution by natural selection revolutionized our understanding of the natural world

Answer 16

Charles Darwin

Question 17

his observations of the unique wildlife on the Galapagos Islands were crucial to his development of the theory of evolution

Answer 17

Galapagos Islands

Question 18

published his groundbreaking work, “On the Origin of Species using Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life,” in 1859

Answer 18

Origin of Species

Question 19

What did Charles Darwin Publish and In what Year?

Answer 19

“On the Origin of Species using Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life,” in 1859

Question 20

proposed that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

Answer 20

Theory of Evolution

Question 21

his theory faced significant opposition, particularly from religious groups

Answer 21

Controversy

Question 22

Darwin’s work remains a cornerstone of modern biology and has had a profound impact on our understanding of the natural world

Answer 22

Legacy

Question 23

TYPES OF EVOLUTION

Answer 23

• Biological Evolution
• Cultural Evolution
• Biocultural Evolution
• Sociocultural Evolution

Question 24

is the process by which species adapt over time in response to their changing environment

Answer 24

Biological Evolution

Question 25

descent with modification from preexisting species: cumulative inherited change in a population of organisms through time leading to the appearance of new forms

Answer 25

Biological Evolution

Question 26

is the process by which cultures change over time. Unlike biological evolution, which is driven by genetic changes, cultural evolution is driven by social learning, innovation, and diffusion

Answer 26

Cultural Evolution

Question 27

changes in socially transmitted beliefs, knowledge, customs, skills, attitudes, languages, and so on

Answer 27

Cultural Evolution

Question 28

is the process by which biological and cultural aspects interact to shape human nature throughout human evolutionary history

Answer 28

Biocultural Evolution

Question 29

the development of one or more cultures from simpler to more complex forms

Answer 29

Sociocultural Evolution

Question 30

it is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and social evolution

Answer 30

Sociocultural Evolution

Question 31

describes how cultures and societies have changed over time

Answer 31

Sociocultural Evolution

Question 32

are the bipedal apes, which include us, homo sapiens, other member of our genus, and species of ardipithecus, australopithecus, and paranthropus

Answer 32

Hominids

Question 33

human like creatures

Answer 33

Hominids

Question 34

Nickname - Lucy’s Species

Answer 34

Australopithecus Afarensis

Question 35

Discovery Date - 1974

Answer 35

Australopithecus Afarensis

Question 36

Where Lived - Eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania)

Answer 36

Australopithecus Afarensis

Question 37

When Lived - between about 3.85 and 2.95 million years ago

Answer 37

Australopithecus Afarensis

Question 38

Height - Males: average 4ft 11 in (151cm); Females: Average 3ft 5 in (105cm)

Answer 38

Australopithecus Afarensis

Question 39

Weight - Males: average 92lbs (42kg); Females: average 64lbs (29kg)

Answer 39

Australopithecus Afarensis

Question 40

similar to chimpanzees, AU. children grow rapidly after birth and reach adulthood earlier than modern humans. This meant AU. Afarensis had a shorter period of growing up than modern humans have today, leaving them less time for parental guidance and socialization during childhood

Answer 40

Australopithecus Afarensis

Question 41

Nickname - Handy Man

Answer 41

Homo Habilis

Question 42

Discovery Date - 1960

Answer 42

Homo Habilis

Question 43

Where Lived - Eastern and Southern Africa

Answer 43

Homo Habilis

Question 44

When Lived - 2.4 million to 1.4 million years ago

Answer 44

Homo Habilis

Question 45

Height - average 3 ft 4 in - 4 ft 5 in (100 - 135 cm)

Answer 45

Homo Habilis

Question 46

Weight - average 70 lbs (32 kg)

Answer 46

Homo Habilis

Question 47

this species, on of the earliest members of the genus homo, has a slightly larger braincase and smaller face and teeth than in australopithecus or older hominin species. But it still retains some ape-like features, including long arms and a moderately-prognathic face

Answer 47

Homo Habilis

Question 48

its name, which means ‘handyman’, was given in 1964 because this species was thought to represent the first make of stone tools, currently, the oldest stone tools are dated slightly older than the oldest evidence of the genus homo

Answer 48

Homo Habilis

Question 49

Discover Date - 1891

Answer 49

Homo Erectus

Question 50

Where Lived - Northern, Eastern, and Southern Africa; Western Asia (Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia); East Asia (China and Indonesia)

Answer 50

Homo Erectus

Question 51

Where Lived - between about 1.89 million and 110,000 years ago

Answer 51

Homo Erectus

Question 52

Height - ranges from 4 ft 9 in - 6 ft 1 in

Answer 52

Homo Erectus

Question 53

Weight - ranges from 88 - 150 lbs (40 - 68 kg)

Answer 53

Homo Erectus

Question 54

early african homo erectus fossils (sometimes called homo ergaster) are the oldest known early humans to have possessed modern human-like body proportions with relatively elongated legs and shorter arms compared to the size of the torso

Answer 54

Homo Erectus

Question 55

there is fossil evidence that this species cared for old and weak individuals. The appearance of homo erectus in the fossil records is often associated with the earliest handaxes, the first major innovation in stone tool technology

Answer 55

Homo Erectus

Question 56

Nickname - Neanderthal

Answer 56

Homo Neanderthalensis

Question 57

Discovery Date - 1829

Answer 57

Homo Neanderthalensis

Question 58

Where Lived - Europe & Southwestern to Central Asia

Answer 58

Homo Neanderthalensis

Question 59

When Lived - about 400,000 - 40,000 years ago

Answer 59

Homo Neanderthalensis

Question 60

Height - Males: average 5 ft 5 in; Females: average 5 ft

Answer 60

Homo Neanderthalensis

Question 61

Weight - Males: avg 143 lbs; Females: avg 119 lbs

Answer 61

Homo Neanderthalensis

Question 62

neanderthals (the ‘th’ pronounces as ‘t’) are our closest extinct human relative. They made and used diverse set of sophisticated tools, controlled fire, lived in shelters, made and wore clothing, were skilled hunters of large animals and also ate plant foods, and occasionally made symbolic or ornamental objects. There is evidence that neanderthals deliberately buried their dead and occasionally even marked their graves with offerings, such as flowers. No other primates, and no earlier human species, had ever practiced this sophisticated and symbolic behavior

Answer 62

Homo Neanderthalensis

Question 63

Where Lived - evolved in Africa, now worldwide

Answer 63

Homo Sapiens

Question 64

When Lived - about 300,000 years ago to the present

Answer 64

Homo Sapiens

Question 65

the species that you and all other living human beings on this planet belong to is homo sapiens evolved in africa. Like other early humans that were living at this time, they gathered and hunted food, and evolved behaviors that helped them respond to the challenges of survival in unstable environments

Answer 65

Homo Sapiens

Question 66

have a long history, dating back to around 300,000 years ago. We have evolved from earlier hominid species, such as australopithecus and homo erectus, over time we have spread to all parts of the globe and adapted to a wide range of environments

Answer 66

Homo Sapiens