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Looking West Flashcards

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1
Q

When and what did Columbus discover

A

West Indies in 1492 whilst working for Spain

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2
Q

Why did the English want to beat Spain

A

English were Protestant and Spain was Catholic -> a fight to spread ideas

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3
Q

What did John Cabot discover and when

A

Newfoundland in 1497

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4
Q

When was Barbados discovered

A

1625

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5
Q

Why was Spain a threat

A

Had an earlier advantage in the Americas and Caribbean -> had the monopoly on all resources and trade as well as converting people to Catholicism

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6
Q

Difference between privateer and pirate

A

Privateer has permission from the monarch to attack foreign ships and steal as long as the stolen goods were shared with the monarch

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7
Q

How successful was English privateering

A

10-15% of all Spanish treasure ships were successfully captured

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8
Q

Give an example of one of Elizabeth’s sea dogs

A

John Hawkins
- in 1562, he came into possession of a cargo of 300 slaves after attacking a Portuguese fleet

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9
Q

What happened to the pirates

A
  • by 1720, it was rare in the Caribbean
  • monarchs stopped commissioning as many privateers because plantations became better way to profit
  • navy began intense anti-piracy activity
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10
Q

Examples of British Settlement in the Americas

A
  • Newfoundland
  • Jamestown (1607)
  • Barbados (1625)
  • Bahamas (1718)
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11
Q

What % of all imports were sugar

A

20% of all imports in Europe were sugar by 1750

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12
Q

Why were enslaved Africans better than indentured labourers

A
  • cheaper
  • owned
  • more consistent and could be brought to the Americas
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13
Q

Why go to the Americas?

A
  • there were religious conflicts in Britain -> puritans and Catholics felt persecuted and left for freedom
  • plantations could be profited off of -> had ‘cash crops’ like cotton, tobacco and sugar
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14
Q

How many white settlers were in Virginia

A

42,000 by 1700

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15
Q

Royal African Company

A

Started in 1672 and was endorsed by the king to trade slaves

Transported 60,000 slaves between 1680 and 1688

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16
Q

How much money did Britain make from slavery

A

£60 million between 1761 and 1808

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17
Q

What belief did slavery create

A

That Europeans were superior to Africans

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18
Q

Sir Walter Raleigh

A
  • went to South America to hunt for gold in 1595 (El Dorado)
  • in 1584, was laid to establish settlements in North America
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19
Q

How many colonies did Britain have in America

A

13

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20
Q

Virginia

A

1607
- good source of land for plantations

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21
Q

Massachusetts

A

1630
- Puritans wanted a place where they could be free to practice their religion

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22
Q

Georgia

A

1732
- needed a buffer zone between South Carolina and Florida (owned by Spain) to keep SC safe

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23
Q

What was the first colony established in North America

A

Roanoke in 1587

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24
Q

Jamestown was the project of what

A

Virginia Company

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25
What was the main export of Jamestown? How many lbs were they producing a year?
Tobacco 3,000,000 lbs a year by 1680s
26
New Plymouth
- British Puritans arrived in 1620 on the Mayflower to escape persecution -> became the Pilgrim Fathers
27
What happened as a result of New Plymouth
More than 20,000 settlers arrived in Massachusetts between 1629 and 1640
28
Jamestown
Founded in 1607 Led by John Smith Attack in 1622 where nearly 350 colonists died
29
The starving time
Winter 1609–1610 100s died from starvation
30
What did the number of Native Americans in ‘British’ territories reduce to
In **1500**, there were around **560,000** but by **1700** there were less than **280,000**
31
John Rolfe
Married Pocahontas and converted her to Christianity and changes her name to Rebecca -> first interracial church wedding in US history
32
Causes of the War of Independence
- settlers built up a sense of independence of being American rather than British - started to resent having to pay tax to English king
33
The Stamp Act
1765 - colonists in NA had to pay money to Britain to use special stamped paper - colonists boycotted British products
34
Townshend Act
1767 - British put a tax on glass, lead and other things that was sold in NA - more boycotting
35
Boston Massacre
1770 - a British tax collector was trying to gather money - the colonists started throwing snowballs and British soldiers shot at them **killing 5 colonists**
36
Boston Tea Party
1773 - threw crates of tea into Boston Harbour in protest
37
Intolerable Acts
1774 - series of strict laws to punish the colonists - closed down the Boston port - banned polictical meetings without permission from the British government - made colonists house and feed British troops stationed in the colonies
38
When was the Declaration of Independence signed
1776
39
When was the War of Independence
1775-1783
40
When did the British surrender
In Yorktown in 1781 They then signed the Peace Treaty in 1783
41
Advs and dis that Britain had
- more experienced fighters - strong and stable government - lots of money + best navy - French hated them and helped cut off their supplies - didn’t have enough soldiers to control all the land by force - couldn’t operate away from harbours as they wouldn’t have access to supplies
42
Advs and dis that America had
- get money and manpower from allies -> France and Netherlands - Britain distracted by other battles - had a lot of land - inexperienced fighters (Battle of Trenton 1776) - less money - had to travel far
43
Consequence of losing the American colonies on Britain
British trade with USA rose to the same as trade with colonies by 1785 And by 1792 trade between Britain and Europe had doubled
44
What happened to Britain after losing its American colonies
- DIDNT suffer a lot - still had Canada and land in the Caribbean, India and Africa - Britain began to expand in these regions building up the British Empire
45
What happened to Canada after British lost its American colonies
- stayed part of Britain (Quebec, Ontario etc) - America lost 100,000 settlers to Canada who preferred to emigrate rather than live under the new government
46
What happened to Australia after Britain lost its American colonies
- Britain sent their criminals there - Australia was loyal and provided a market for British goods
47
Who were the Huguenots
French Protestants in 16th and 17th century who followed the teachings of John Calvin
48
What happened during the French Wars of Religion
The French Catholics persecuted Protestants heavily -> August 1572, 70,000 French Protestants were killed
49
What was the new agreement that affected the Huguenots
Edict of Fontainebleau
50
When was the edict of Fontainebleau
1685
51
What did the Edict of Fontainebleau do
Made Protestantism illegal
52
How many Huguenots fled France as a result of the Edict of Fontainebleau
200,000
53
Why did the Huguenots flee to Britain?
- to escape persecution and Britain was a safe choice -> because the king recently made the country from Catholic to Protestant during the English Reformation in the 1530s
54
Impact of Huguenots on Britain
- revitalised British industries like watch-making and gun-making - started the new industry of paper making - French lost many talented merchants and craftsmen
55
Gives facts about Huguenots and the paper industry
By the 1710s, Britain had 200 paper mills, supplying nearly 70% of Britains paper British banknotes were printed by Huguenots business from 1712 onwards, for over 250 years
56
The Ulster Plantation
- in 1603 King James I became the first monarch to control Scotland, England and Ireland -> he was also Protestant - from 1609 onwards people from England and Scotland were encouraged to move to Northern Ireland to make sure it support James
57
How did James pay for the Ulster Plantations?
- wealthy companies and landowners were offered huge areas of land that had been taken from the Irish population -> this was in reward for helping James financially - the Mercer’s Company received up to 21,600 acres of land
58
Impact of the Ulster Plantations
- most settlers moved to find a better life but Irish people saw it as an invasion - the population grew rapidly as thousands arrived -> this created tensions between Protestants and Catholics
59
Jacobite Rebellions
Descendants of the Stuart’s tried to regain the throne through rebellions -> they were defeated in the Battle of Culloden in 1746
60
Battle of Culloden
1746 - English defeated the Scots who were rebelling for a Stuart king
61
Why did the highland clearances happen
- Much of the land in the Highlands was owned by the Englishmen and rented by the Highlanders - However the English landlords started to prefer the idea of having large sheep farms (made landlords more money) rather than renting land to farming families.
62
What were the highland clearances
- English began to remove all opposition like Scottish chiefs who supported Stuarts along with their clans - many were forced to emigrate to the lowlands but many also went abroad - laws were passed making their life harder and bagpipes were banned
63
How many families were evicted per day in the highland clearances
2000

Migration (6 decks)

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