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CBL Year 2 > Low mood > Flashcards

Low mood Flashcards

1
Q

what is psychiatry

A

field which studies the causes (etiology) of mental disorders in society, as well as conceptualization and prevalence of mental illness.

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2
Q

factors that predispose people to mental illnesses

A

social deprivation
life events
genetic predisposition
early trauma

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3
Q

3 affects that mental illness has on a persons life

A

Significant tiredness, low energy or problems sleeping.

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4
Q

what is the stepped care approach

A

is a way of providing and monitoring care and treatment. The aim is to provide you with the most effective, yet least resource intensive treatment for you. With this approach, you only ‘step up’ to more intensive/specialist services if it is considered the right thing to do clinically.

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5
Q

what is attention in psychology

A

the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to the exclusion of other stimuli.

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6
Q

what is perception in psychology

A

is the sensory experience of the world. It involves both recognizing environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli.

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7
Q

what is executive function in psychology

A

refers to the collection of cognitive skills (inhibition, working memory updating, task-set switching, attention) that give rise to goal-directed behaviour.

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8
Q

what is memory in psychology

A

as the faculty of encoding, storing, and retrieving information

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9
Q

what is learning in psychology

A

a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

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10
Q

role of the amygdala

A

commonly thought to form the core of a neural system for processing fearful and threatening stimuli (4), including detection of threat and activation of appropriate fear-related behaviors in response to threatening or dangerous stimuli.

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11
Q

role of the pre frontal cortex

A

plays a central role in cognitive control functions, and dopamine in the PFC modulates cognitive control, thereby influencing attention, impulse inhibition, prospective memory, and cognitive flexibility.

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12
Q

what is autism spectrum disorder

A

lifelong developmental disorder characterised by differences in social interaction, repetitive routines, behaviours and interests

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13
Q

Renee Descartes and dualism concept

A

mind and body are separate

“I think therefore I am”

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14
Q

what is monism

A

mind and body are the same thing

idealist monism: mind and body are just imagined things
materialist monism: mind and body are both just material things

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15
Q

what is Capgras syndrome

A

the delusion of doubles featuring a loss of affective response to familiar faces (can recognise faces but not emotionally respond to them in the same way).
we recognise people partly because we associate feelings with them

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16
Q

what is mirror agnosia

A

condition where even though the person knows that he is looking at mirror as evidenced by ability to identify the frame and the glass of the mirror, he fails to recognize the objects that are reflected in the mirror as reflections.

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17
Q

what is anergia

A

abnormal lack of energy

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18
Q

what is anhedonia

A

inability to feel pleasure in normally pleasurable activities

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19
Q

what is diaphoresis

A

sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug

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20
Q

Core symptoms of depression

A

anhedonia
low mood
anergia

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21
Q

define hallucinations

A

perception in the absence of a stimulus

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22
Q

define delusion in psychology

A

A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly sustained despite what almost everybody else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary.

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23
Q

define dysthymia in psychology

A

a milder, but long-lasting form of depression. It’s also called persistent depressive disorder. People with this condition may also have bouts of major depression at times. Depression is a mood disorder that involves your body, mood, and thoughts.

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24
Q

define euthymia in psychology

A

euthymia is a normal, tranquil mental state or mood. In those with bipolar disorder, euthymia is a stable mental state or mood that is neither manic nor depressive, yet distinguishable from the state of healthy people.

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25
Q

define flight of ideas in psychology

A

involves continuous, rapid speech that changes focus from moment to moment based on association, distractions, or plays on words.

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26
Q

define derailment of thought in psychology

A

a symptom of thought disorder, often occurring in individuals with schizophrenia, marked by frequent interruptions in thought and jumping from one idea to another unrelated or indirectly related idea.

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27
Q

define obsession in psychology

A

recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that cause distressing emotions such as anxiety or disgust. Many people with OCD recognize that the thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of their mind and are excessive or unreasonable.

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28
Q

define compulsion in psychology

A

re repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession. The behaviors typically prevent or reduce a person’s distress related to an obsession

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29
Q

define rumination in psychology

A

a form of perserverative cognition that focuses on negative content, generally past and present, and results in emotional distress.

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30
Q

what is an affective disorder in psychology

A

mental disorder characterized by dramatic changes or extremes of mood.

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31
Q

define psychotic disorder in psychology

A

are severe mental disorders that cause abnormal thinking and perceptions. People with psychoses lose touch with reality.

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32
Q

define neurotic disorder in psychology

A

a class of functional mental disorder involving distress but not delusions or hallucinations, where behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms. It is also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder.

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33
Q

what are diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode

A

Fatigue or loss of energy. Feelings of worthlessness. Diminished ability to think or concentrate; indecisiveness. Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or specific plan for committing suicide.

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34
Q

diagnostic criteria for a psychotic episode

A

must have 1 or more of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech (eg, frequent derailment or incoherence), and grossly disoriented or catatonic behavior;

35
Q

what characteristics distinguish clinical depression from normal sadness

A

Depression affects a person’s emotions, thinking, behavior and physical well-being. Someone who is feeling sad might cry for a while, spend some time alone, then get back to their normal lives within a short span of time.

36
Q

difference between normal and pathological anxiety

A

pathological anxiety is anxiety that’s overly intense or occurs in situations where anxiety typically wouldn’t be present. It’s anxiety that’s above and beyond the expected emotional response. In short, while anxiety is a natural response to certain events, extreme anxiety isn’t.

37
Q

differential diagnosis of psychosis

A

autoimmune encephalitis
drug-induced psychosis
delirium

38
Q

dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

is a model that attributes the positive symptoms of schizophrenia to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction.

39
Q

glutamate hypothesise of schizophrenia

A

entered on a deficiency in activity of glutamate at the glutamate synapse, especially in the prefrontal cortex . In many brain areas, dopamine inhibits glutamate release, or glutamate excites neurons that dopamine inhibits .

40
Q

monoamine hypothesis of depression

A

predicts that the underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system.

41
Q

Role of BDNF in depression

A

Dysfunction or decreased BDNF leads to malfunction of synaptic plasticity, and decreased excitatory neurons and glutamate; and eventually lead to depression.

42
Q

4 typical antidepressants and examples

A

1) monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) e.g. Iproniazid, Moclobemide
2) Tricylic antidepressants (TCA) e.g. Amitriptyline, Clomipramine, Desipramine
3) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) e.g. fluoxetine, paroxetine, citalopram
4) Selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NARI) e.g. reboxetine

43
Q

explain glutamates role as a neurotransmitter

A

present in 90 % of synapses
only takes a small amount of glutamate to excite neighbour brain cells
too much is toxic for the brain as the neurones can’t bring themselves down from their excited state

44
Q

explain GABAs role as a neurotransmitter

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter
reduces the activity in the central nervous system and blocks certain signals from your brain.
GABA lowers heart rate and blood pressure
deep breathing and mindfulness can increase GABA

45
Q

explain dopamines role as a neurotransmitter

A

plays major role in reward system
drugs can prey on this system but the dopamine come down leaves you with feelings of tiredness and depression
helps pancreas deliver insulin after you eat

46
Q

explain adrenaline role as a neurotransmitter

A

responsible for fight or flight

produced by adrenal glands over the kidneys

47
Q

explain serotonin role as a neurotransmitter

what it does in your GI tract, influence on mood, what low levels do, what high levels do

A

in your digestive tract promotes feelings of satisfaction after eating and keeps your appetite in check
serotonin makes you feel nauseous if you eat rotten or uncooked food
has influence on your mood promoting wellbeing and happiness
low levels can leave you feeling low, sleepless, brain fog and confused
high levels can create paranoia, impair judgement or negatively impact memory

48
Q

explain oxytocin as a neurotransmitter

A

made in the hypothalamus and released via the pituitary gland
women - helps uterus contract during birth
men - creates feelings of loyalty and trust

49
Q

explain acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

A

directly affects your muscles
works at neuro muscular junction
makes muscles contract

50
Q

what are monoamine neurotransmitters and what are they involved in

A

examples of monoamine neurotransmitters are 5-HT, norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA), are the important bioactive substances in central nervous system (CNS), which participate in many physiological activities of the body, including emotion, learning, and memory

51
Q

what is the neurochemical basis of depression

A

low levels of noradrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine are associated with some aspects of depression

when our bodies produce low levels of these neurotransmitters, our odds of experiencing symptoms of depression can increase

52
Q

role of genes in the aetiology of depression

A

Many researchers believe there’s no single gene that puts someone at risk for depression. It’s more likely a combination of genes that lead to the disorder. The causes of bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders may also be traced to a combination of genetic factors.

53
Q

mechanism of action of antidepressants

A

inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitters through selective receptors thereby increasing the concentration of specific neurotransmitter around the nerves in the brain.

54
Q

common side effects of antidepressants (SSRIs and SNRIs)

A 
feeling agitated, shaky or anxious
feeling and being sick
indigestion
diarrhoea or constipation
insomina
loss of appetite
dizziness
55
Q

discuss a therapeutic relationship in psychotherapy

A

a bond of care, respect and trust
agreement on the goals of therapy
collaboration on the work of therapy

56
Q

brief description of CBT

A

cognitive behavioural therapy
most commonly used in depression and anxiety
can include CBT for psychosis. eating disorders or other specific issues
short intervention
practical, homework, and diary keeping

57
Q

dialectal behavioural therapy

A

derived from CBT
dialectal - how two things seem opposite. ut could both be true
6-12 months
weekly 1:1 sessions plus group work
primarily for emotionally unstable personality disorders

58
Q

what are mirror neurones

A

neurons in the brain which respond when a person or an animal observes another person or animal carrying out an action. They also respond when the observer performs the same action.

59
Q

define personality

A

the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character

60
Q

define personality disorder

A

a deeply ingrained pattern of behaviour of a specified kind that deviates markedly from the norms of generally accepted behaviour, typically apparent by the time of adolescence, and causing long-term difficulties in personal relationships or in functioning in society.

61
Q

explain neuroplasticity

A

also known as brain plasticity, is a term that refers to the brain’s ability to change and adapt as a result of experience. Although, when people say that the brain possesses plasticity, they are not suggesting that the brain is similar to plastic.

62
Q

Describe the 5 factor model of personality

A

is a set of five broad trait dimensions or domains, often referred to as the “Big Five”: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism (sometimes named by its polar opposite, Emotional Stability), and Openness to Experience (sometimes named Intellect)

63
Q

define impulsivity

A

the inability to inhibit behavioral impulses and thoughts. It considers impulse control as an important component of executive functions. It plays an important role in one’s social and personal functioning

64
Q

what is affect regulation in psychology

A

Affect regulation refers to the mechanism by which our emotions, moods, feelings, and their expressions are modulated in pursuit of an affective equilibrium or homeostasis

65
Q

what are cluster A personality disorders associated with

A

characterized by odd, eccentric thinking or behavior.

66
Q

three stages of sleep

A

stage 1 sleep: first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
stage 2 sleep: second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
stage 3 sleep: third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

67
Q

why does sleep change with age

A

As you age your body produces lower levels of growth hormone, so you’ll likely experience a decrease in slow wave or deep sleep (an especially refreshing part of the sleep cycle). When this happens you produce less melatonin, meaning you’ll often experience more fragmented sleep and wake up more often during the night.

68
Q

how is sleep triggered

A

when darkness comes at night, the SCN sends messages to the pineal gland. This gland triggers the release of the chemical melatonin.

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are a bilateral structure of the human brain located within the anterior part of the hypothalamus.

69
Q

how is sleep terminated

A

The optic nerve in your eyes senses the morning light. Then the SCN triggers the release of cortisol and other hormones to help you wake up

70
Q

what does the restorative theory of sleep state

A

states that sleep allows for the body to repair and replete cellular components necessary for biological functions that become depleted throughout an awake day.

71
Q

define insomnia

A

difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep

72
Q

identify endocrine, neurological, infectious and drug related differential diagnosis of depression

A

endocrine - hypo/hyperthyroidism
neurological - Parkinson, dementia, MS
infectious - mononucleosis
drug related - cocaine abuse

73
Q

investigation for physical causes of depression

A

blood tests to check for medical conditions that may cause depressive symptoms. They will use the blood tests to check for such things as anemia as well as thyroid or possibly other hormones, and sometimes calcium and vitamin D levels.

74
Q

physical symptoms of stress

A

Aches and pains. Chest pain or a feeling like your heart is racing. Exhaustion or trouble sleeping

75
Q

three possible causes of medically unexplained symptoms

A

chronic fatigue (ME)
Fibromyalgia
irritable bowel syndrome

76
Q

Define iatrogenic harm

A

induced inadvertently by a physician or surgeon or by medical treatment or diagnostic procedures an iatrogenic rash.

77
Q

treatments for medically unexplained symptoms

A

antidepressant drugs
talking - therapies
cognitive behavioural therapy
psychodynmamic therapy

78
Q

four main types of adult attachment styles

A

secure
anxious - preoccupied
dismissive-avoidant
fearful-avoidant

79
Q

what is secure attachment

A

they are open and honest about their feelings, they provide each other with comfort and guidance during conflicts, and they are trusting and committed to each other.

80
Q

what is anxious-preoccupied attachment style

A

an attachment style in which a person experiences anxiety in their relationships with significant others in their lives. It stems from attachment theory which argues that childhood experiences can affect our relationships later in life.

81
Q

what is dismissive - avoidant attachment style

A

the opposite of those who are ambivalent or anxious-preoccupied. Instead of craving intimacy, they’re so wary of closeness they try to avoid emotional connection with others. They’d rather not rely on others, or have others rely on them.

82
Q

what is fearful - avoidant attachment style

A

those with this insecure style of attachment have a strong desire for close relationships, but distrust others and fear intimacy. This leads people with a fearful-avoidant attachment to avoid the very relationships they crave

83
Q

describe the central theme of attachment theory

A

primary caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant’s needs allow the child to develop a sense of security. The infant knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world.

CBL Year 2 (14 decks)

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