Lower Extrem

Question 1

What serves as attachment of lower limbs? (4 bones)

Answer 1

Hip Bonesx2, Sacrum, Coccyx

Question 2

what makes up the pelvic girdle?

Answer 2

Hip bonex2

Question 3

What are other names for hip bone?

Answer 3

Os Coxae, Innominate bone

Question 4

Each hip bone is made of 3 separate bones, what are they?

Answer 4

2/5 Ischium, 2/5 Ilium , 1/5 Pubis

Question 5

In AP hip, what should be done to bring the neck of the femur to be parallel with the IR?

Answer 5

turn the entire affected leg 15-20 degrees internally

Question 6

Lateral Hip has 2 names for different CR, what are they? and what are the CR?

what’s the difference between the 2?

Answer 6

Hickey and lauenstein method. CR is at the between ASIS and Pubic symphysis. Hickey requires CR 20-25 degrees cephalad.

Question 7

In AP pelvis, if the pelvis is deep what should you do to the IR?

Answer 7

Move the IR up 1-1.5” above the iliac crest

Question 8

what method will show the femoral neck free of superimposition?

Answer 8

Hickey Method of the Lat hip

Question 9

soles of feet together, thighs abducted, flexed hips and knees, femoral vertical is a description of what method?

Answer 9

Modified Cleaves method bilateral

Question 10

In original Cleaves method, what is the CR angle and is entering at?

Answer 10

25-45 degree cephalic at the pubic symphysis

Question 11

Axiolateral Hip is also called the ….
Should foot be rotated? if so, what degree?

IR should be placed at the ___ above the ___ ____

What should the IR be parallel with ?

CR for this is ….

Answer 11

Danelius Miller’s method, if not contraindicated, have the pt rotate the foot 15-20 degrees internally.

crease, iliac crest

neck of the femure

CR is 2.5 inches below the localization point

Question 12

How many bones in the foot?

Answer 12

26

Question 13

What are other names for the Calcaneus? What’s special about this bone in the foot?

Answer 13

Os calcis, Heel bone, serves as the weight bearer, point of attachment for archilles tendon,

Question 14

What is the 2nd strongest bone in the foot? What structure does it have that forms the roof of the Sinus Tarsi?

Answer 14

Talus, Sulcus Tali at the inferior portion of the bone

Question 15

Navicular lies on the medial side of the foot btwn ___ and the ____

Answer 15

Talus and the cuneiforms

Question 16

how are Cuneiforms numbered and arranged?

Answer 16

from medial to lateral, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. Medial, Intermediate, and lateral

Question 17

What is special about 1st, 2nd, and 5th Metatarsals?

Answer 17

1st is the shortest and strongest, 2nd is the longest, and 5th has a tuberosity that hangs on the lateral side

Question 18

What arch serves as shock absorber and is formed by the bones in the foot?

Answer 18

Longitudinal arch

Question 19

what arch assists in supporting the longitudinal arch?

Answer 19

Transverse arch

Question 20

What is the 2nd largest bone in the body?

Answer 20

Tibia

Question 21

at the superior surface of the Tibia, there is a feature that is called… and it slopes ___ - ___ degrees, it is a site of articulation for…

Answer 21

Tibial Plateau, 10-20 degrees, for the condyles of the femur

Question 22

what is another name for tibial spine?

Answer 22

Intercondylar Eminence

Question 23

What is the site for the Osgood-Schlatters disease?

Answer 23

Tibial Tuberosity

Question 24

Where is the sharp ridge on the tibia?

Answer 24

Anterior crest

Question 25

what type of joint does the tibiofibular make distally? Proximally?

Answer 25

Syndesmosis, Fibrous Synovial, slightly moveable

Question 26

Where is the apex of the fibula?

Answer 26

Posterolateral

Question 27

Intertrochanteric crest is ridge that forms the greater and lesser trochanters on the _____ aspect, Intertrochanteric line is the less prominent ridge that is on the _____ aspect.

Answer 27

Posterior, anterior

Question 28

at what age does the patella develop? | What is the fxn of the patella?

Answer 28

3-5, to protect the knee joint

Question 29

Knee joint contains two meniscus made up of what type of disks? what is the fxn?

Answer 29

Medial and lateral meniscus, fibrocartilage disks for shock absorbtion.

Question 30

What age range usually suffers from legg calve perthes disease?

Answer 30

5-10

Question 31

when you want to see the joint spaces in the AP axial toe, what degree angulation is needed?

Answer 31

15 degree

Question 32

Oblique toe requires a range of what angulation on the anatomy?

Answer 32

30-45 degree

Question 33

In lateral toe, first and second toes should be closest to IR, what is the projection? and 3rd-5th?

Answer 33

Lateromedial, 3-5th mediolateral

Question 34

Why is angulation needed in the AP foot views? if there is no angulation, what is it for?

Answer 34

10 degree because you want to see the tarsometatarsal joint spaces, no degrees are just for bony structures

Question 35

AP oblique foot require how much angulation of the foot?

Answer 35

30 degree

Question 36

what is the projection for the weight bearing foot lat view? what is of concern when using this view?

Answer 36

Lateromedial, the medial aspect of the foot is touching the IR, Longitudinal arch is of concern

Question 37

Plantodorsal is a view for what bone in the tarsal? what is it also called? What is the CR for this view?

Answer 37

AP axial Calcaneus view, CR is 40 degrees toward the heel of the foot (Cephalic) at the base of the 3rd metatarsal.

Question 38

Lateral Calcaneus view, CR is 1" below the _____

Answer 38

Medial Malleolus

Question 39

In Ankle stress method, an inversion is used to show joint and rupture of lat lig between what joint space? In medial ligament it is what type of joint action?

Answer 39

fibulotalar joint Tibiotalar joint

Question 40

In oblique ankle, if the leg is rotated 45 degrees, what are the interests? if it is 15-20?

Answer 40

Bony structures for 45 degrees, 15-20 is the mortise

Question 41

what are superimposed in 45 degree ankle rotation view?

Answer 41

Tibia and Fibula

Question 42

How much IR space in inches do you want in an AP leg at the end of each joints?

Answer 42

1-1.5"

Question 43

AP knee requires different CR for each measurements: less than 19cm 19-24cm Greater than 24cm

Answer 43

3-5 Cephalad 0 degree 3-5 Caudad

Question 44

what becomes in view when you AP oblique the knee medially? What if you AP oblique the Knee laterally?

Answer 44

Proximal portion of the fibulotibial joint, and the head of the fibula Lateral oblique shows the fibula superimposed by Tibia and medial portion of the tibia in profile

Question 45

Normally, when performing a Lateral Knee, what knee flexion angulation do you need? If there is a suspected trauma? What is the CR angulation?

Answer 45

20-30 degree flexion is usually needed. If there is suspected trauma, then no more than 10 to prevent fragmentation of the patella, 5-7 degree cephalad

Question 46

PA axial knee is also known as... in this position, the PT is on all 4, what angle does the affected knee need to be in from the table?

Answer 46

Holmblad method, knee is 70 degree with the affected thigh forming that degree from the table.

Question 47

what methods require the knee to flex and form a 60 degree angle w/ long axis of tibia ?

Answer 47

Beclere method, AP axial knee

Question 48

In hughston method, CR is at .... and the affected knee is at an angle range of ___ to ___ degree

Answer 48

Tangential knee 45 degree cephalad | degree range is 50-60 degree

Question 49

what method shows the vertical fractures of bone and the articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral articulation?

Answer 49

Tangential knee, settegast method,

Question 50

When performing the AP femur, where should IR be for Proximal vs Distal? how do you make sure each are in true AP position?

Answer 50

Proximal femur, the Top of IR is at level of ASIS, Distal it is 2" below the condyles In proximal femur, you want the affected foot to internally rotate 15-20 degrees, and for distal femur, you want the epicondyles to be parellel with the IR.