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Lower Extremity Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the parts of the exterior hip

A
  1. Iliac crest
  2. Gluteal surface
  3. Posterior superior iliac spine
  4. Posterior inferior iliac spine
  5. Ischial spine
  6. Ischial tuberosity
  7. Ischial ramus
  8. Inferior pubic ramus
  9. Pubic tubercle
  10. Superior pubic ramus
  11. Acetabulum
  12. Anterior inferior iliac spine
  13. Anterior superior iliac spine
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2
Q

Main the main three parts of the hip

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubis
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3
Q

Name the parts of the interior hip

A
  1. Iliac fossa
  2. Auricular surface
  3. Obturator foramen
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4
Q

Where does the head of the femur attaches to the hip?

A

Acetabulum

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5
Q

What two parts make the ischiopubic ramus?

A
  1. Inferior pubic ramus
  2. Ischial ramus
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6
Q

What attaches to the auricular surface?

A

Sacrum

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7
Q

Name the anterior parts of the femur

A
  1. Femoral head
  2. Femoral neck
  3. Greater trochanter
  4. Lesser trochanter
  5. Medial and lateral epicondyle
  6. Lateral and medial femoral condyle
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8
Q

What is the only bone that has trochanters?

A

The femur

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9
Q

What is the biggest single bone of the body?

A

Femur

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10
Q

List the posterior parts of the femur

A
  1. Fovea of femoral head
  2. Intertrochanteric crest
  3. Gluteal tuberosity
  4. Linea aspera
  5. Adductor tubercle
  6. Intercondylar fossa
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11
Q

What attaches to the fovea of femoral head?

A

Ligament

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12
Q

What attaches to the gluteal tuberosity?

A

Gluteus maximus

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13
Q

What attaches to the intercondylar fossa?

A

Hey ACL and PCL attach here

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14
Q

Name the two parts of the patella

A
  1. Apex
  2. Patellar facets
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15
Q

What movement of the knee is the patella heavily involved?

A

Extension of the knee

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16
Q

Name the anterior parts of the Tibia

A
  1. Lateral tibial condyle
  2. Intercondylar eminence
  3. Medial tibial condyle
  4. Tibial tuberosity
  5. Inferior tibial and fibular articulation
  6. Medial malleolus
  7. Inferior articular surface of tibia
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17
Q

Name the anterior parts of the fibula

A
  1. Superior tibial and fibular articulation
  2. Fibular head
  3. Lateral malleolus
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18
Q

What does the superior tibial and fibular articulation to the knee do?

A

Stabilize the knee

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19
Q

Name of distinct characteristic of the inferior tibial and fibular articulation

A

Is made out of a strict ligaments, no synovial fluid

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20
Q

What attaches to the inferior articular surface of the tibia?

A

Tarsals

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21
Q

Name the parts of the tarsus and foot

A
  1. Calcaneal tuberosity
  2. Lateral tubercle of the talus
  3. Trochlea of talus
  4. Talus
  5. Calcaneous
  6. Cuboid
  7. Navicular
  8. Lateral cuneiform
  9. Intermediate cuneiform
  10. Medial cuneiform
  11. Metatarsal base
  12. Metatarsal body
  13. Head of metatarsal
  14. Proximal, middle and distal phalanx
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22
Q

What articulates with the tibia?

A

Trochlea of talus

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23
Q

How many phalanx does the toe have?

A

2

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24
Q

List the anterior palpable things of the lower extremity

A
  1. Iliac crest
  2. Anterior superior iliac spine (front of the hip)
  3. Greater trochanter
  4. Pubic symphysis
  5. Ischial tuberosity (sit bones)
  6. Patella
  7. Lateral and medial epicondyles
  8. Head of fibula
  9. Tibial tuberosity
  10. Medial surface of tibia
  11. Medial and lateral malleolus
  12. Tuberosity of base of 5th metacarpal
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25
What attaches to the ichial tuberosity?
The hamstrings muscles
26
List the posterior palpable things of the lower extremity
1. Posterior superior iliac spine 2. Sacrum 3. Head of fibula 4. Calcaneal tuberosity
27
What is considered the proper hip?
The coxofemoral joint
28
List three ligament that stabilize the hip joint
1. Iliofemoral 2. Pubofemoral 3. Ischiofemoral - Considered intercapsular ligaments
29
What connects the ileum to the interior femur
The iliofemoral ligament
30
What connects the superior pubic ramus to the femoral neck?
The pubofemoral ligament
31
What connects, the posterior acetabulum and the neck of the femur?
The ischiofemoral ligament
32
What are the most common hip dislocations?
Anterior hip dislocations - With age can cause hip fractures
33
Where do posterior hip dislocations take place?
Between the iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments - Most common due to skydiving
34
What kind of joint formation is seen on nontreated hip dislocation?
Pseudojoints
35
List the ligaments that stabilize the knee
1. Lateral fibular collateral 2. Medial tibial collateral 3. Anterior cruciate ligament 4. Posterior cruciate ligament
36
Name the parts of the knee -Lateral and medial views
1. Lateral meniscus 2. Lateral collateral ligament 3. Patellar ligament 4. Patella 5. Quadriceps tendon 6. Medial meniscus 7. Medial collateral ligament
37
Which ligament of the knee does not attach to the joint capsule?
Medial collateral ligament
38
Name the posterior parts of the knee
1. Anterior cruciate ligament 2. Posterior cruciate ligament 3. Lateral meniscus 4. Posterior meniscofemoral ligament
39
Name the anterior parts of the knee
1. Anterior cruciate ligament 2. Medial meniscus
40
What are menisci? -medial and lateral
Avascular cartilages - cradle and cushion each femoral condyle - deepen their articulation with the tibia -they are attached to each other anteriorly by the transverse genicular ligament
41
What do the cruciate ligaments do?
Stabilize forward and backward movements
42
Name the two cruciate ligaments and where do they pass each other?
1. Anterior cruciate ligament 2. Posterior cruciate ligament - NOT inside synovial joint
43
Where does the anterior cruciate ligament run? What does it prevent?
Runs from the anterior tibial plateau to the intercondylar area of the femur -prevents interior translation of tibia
44
Where does the posterior cruciate ligament run? What does it prevent?
Runs from the posterior tibial plateau to the intercondylar area of the femur - prevents posterior translation of tibia
45
Most common knee injury
ACL, medial collateral ligament, lateral meniscus
46
Knee Injury considered the "terrible triad"
ACL, medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus
47
What is Varus move?
Moved medially
48
What is a valgus move?
Moved laterally
49
Why is the ACL ligament more prone to tears
Because it's attached to the hamstrings, which are weaker
50
Why is the PCL ligament less likely to tear
Because he supported by the quadriceps, which are stronger
51
Name the parts of the synovial knee joint in the nearby bursae
1. Suprapatellar bursa 2. Synovial joint space of the knee 3. Deep intrapatellar bursa 4. Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa 5. Intrapatellar Fat Pad 6. Prepatellar bursa 7. Suprapatellar bursa
52
Why is the suprapatellar bursa related with knee infections?
Because it runs all the way to mid thigh so if there is a injury, it can extend all the way to the knee
53
Define knee bursitis
Irritation or infection of the bursae, commonly prepatellar bursa - known as bishop's bursitis
54
Define the popliteal (baker's) cyst
When joint effusion can sometimes push the synovial lining out the posterior aspect of the fibrous joint capsule and create synovial swelling in the popliteal fossa
55
List the three spaces in which the tibia and fibula interact
1. Tibiofibular joint - superiorly 2. Interosseous membrane - along their length 3. Tibiofibular syndesmosis- inferiorly
56
What are the two ligaments found in the tibiofibular syndesmosis
1. Anterior tibiofibular ligament 2. Posterior tibiofibular ligament - Does not have synovial fluid
57
Name the injury of the description of the tibiofibular syndesmosis
"High ankle sprain"
58
Name the two parts of the ankle joint
1. The trochlea of talus bone 2. The malleolar mortise (notch) of the tibia and fibula
59
Which movements does the ankle joint support?
Dorsiflexing and plantarflexing the foot
60
Name the lateral ligaments that stabilize the ankle joint
1. Anterior talofibular (lateral) 2. Calcaneofibular (lateral) 3. Posterior talofibular (lateral) -Damaged in a stepwise fashion anterior to posterior
61
Which deflection are the lateral ligaments of the ankle involved?
Varus deflection = causes inversion or varus sprain -More common
62
Name the medial ligament of the ankle joint
Deltoid ligament -Connect to medial malleolus to the tarsal bones
63
Which deflection if the medial ligament of the ankle involved?
Eversion or valgus sprain
64
Instead of tearing the deltoid ligament of the ankle, what happens to the bone?
Avulses the medial malleolus
65
What is the Pott's fracture?
When the medial malleolus and the distal fibula fractures
66
Name the joints responsible for normal foot inversion and eversion
Subtalar and transverse tarsal joints
67
Name the three ligaments that maintain the foot's arches
1. Plantar aponeurosis 2. Long and short plantar ligament 3. Spring calcaneonavicular ligament
68
Which ligament is treated during plantar fasciitis?
The plantar aponeurosis
69
Name the gluteal muscles
1. Gluteus medius 2. Tensor fascia lata 3. Gluteus maximus 4. Gluteus minimus
70
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the gluteus maximus
1. * Proximal attachments: Sacrum and iliac crest * Distal attachment: Gluteal tuberosity and fascia lata * Major function: Extend hip -If hurt, standing up or going up the stairs is hard
71
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the gluteus medius (2) and minimus (3)
* Proximal attachments: Gluteal fossa (ilium) * Distal attachment: Superior aspect of greater trochanter * Major function: Abduct hip -keep the hip leveled when 1 leg bears all the weight
72
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the tensor fascia lata (4)
* Proximal attachments: Anterior iliac crest * Distal attachment: Iliotibial tract to anterolateral tubercle of tibia * Major function: Tension of fascia lata - responsible for the IT band syndrome
73
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the piriformis (5)
* Proximal attachments: Anterior sacrum * Distal attachment: Medial aspect of greater trochanter * Major function: Lateral rotation of hip = externally rotate the leg
74
What does piriformis mean?
Pear-shaped
75
Name the five lateral hip rotators and what did they do?
1. Superior gemellus 2. Obturator internus 3. Inferior gemellus 4. Quadratus femoris 5. Piriformis -move foot outwards
76
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the obturator internus (1)
* Proximal attachments: Membrane of obturator foramen * Distal attachment: Greater trochanter * Major function: Lateral rotation of hip
77
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the superior and inferior gemelli (2)
* Proximal attachments: Ischium * Distal attachment: Greater trochanter * Major function: Lateral rotation of hip
78
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the quadrattus femoris (3)
* Proximal attachments: Ischial tuberosity * Distal attachment: Greater trochanter * Major function: Lateral rotation of hip
79
Name the three hip flexor muscles
1. Psoas major 2. Iliacus 3. Iliopsoas
80
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the psoas major (1)
* Proximal attachments: Lumbar transverse processes and T12-L5 vertebral bodies * Distal attachment: Lesser trochanter (3) * Major function: Flex hip
81
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Iliacus (2)
* Proximal attachments: Iliac fossa * Distal attachment: Lesser trochanter (3) * Major function: Flex hip
82
Name the anterior thigh muscles
1. Sartorius 2. Rectus Femoris 3. Vastus Lateralis 4. Vastus medialis 5. Vastus Intermedius
83
List the quadricep muscles
1. Rectus femoris 2. Vastus lateralis 3. Vastus intermedius 4. Vastus medialis
84
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the sartorius (1)
* Proximal attachments: Anterior superior iliac spine * Distal attachment: Anteromedial side of superior tibia * Major function: Flex and externally rotate hip
85
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the quadriceps (2)
* Proximal attachments: Anterior inferior iliac spine and anterior surface of femur * Distal attachment: Patella --> tibial tuberosity * Major function: Extension of knee
86
List the muscles of the external medial compartment of the thigh
1. Pectineus 2. Adductor longus 3. Gracilis
87
List the muscles of the deep medial compartment of the thigh
1. Obturator externus 2. Adductor brevis 3. Adductor Magnus
88
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the obturator externus (1)
* Proximal attachments: Obturator foramen * Distal attachment: Greater trochanter * Major function: Lateral rotation of thigh
89
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the pectineus (2)
* Proximal attachments: Ileum & superior pubic ramus * Distal attachment: Medial femur * Major function: Adduct thigh
90
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the adductor longus (3), brevis (4), and magnus (5 & 6)
* Proximal attachments: Pubis * Distal attachment: Medial femur & adductor tuberosity * Major function: Adduct thigh
91
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the gracilis (7)
* Proximal attachments: Pubis * Distal attachment: Anteromedial side of superior tibia * Major function: Adduct thigh
92
List the four muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh
1. Semitendinosus 2. Semimembranosus 3. Biceps femoris (long and short head) 4. Popliteus
93
What does the adductor Magnus do?
Help keep balance of hip when standing on one leg/walking
94
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Biceps femoris (1)
* Proximal attachments: Ischial tuberosity and posterior femur * Distal attachment: Fibular head * Major function: Flexion of knee and extension of hip
95
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the semimembranosus (2)
* Proximal attachments: Ischial tuberosity * Distal attachment: Posteromedial side of superior tibia * Major function: Flexion of knee and extension of hip
96
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the semitendinosus (3)
* Proximal attachments: Ischial tuberosity * Distal attachment: Posterior superior tibia * Major function: Flexion of knee and extension of hip
97
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the popliteus (4)
* Proximal attachments: Lateral femoral epicondyle * Distal attachment: Anteromedial side of superior tibia * Major function: Lateral rotation of femur on tibial plateau.
98
List the four superficial posterior leg muscles
1. Media and lateral heads of gastrocnemius 2. Plantaris 3. Politeus 4. Soleus
98
What important tendon can be found on the posterior compartment of the leg?
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
99
Where does the calcaneal tendon come from?
Gastrocnemius muscle
100
What does a popliteus muscle do?
Locks in or out your knee
101
Which calf muscle is important for jumping?
Soleus
102
Which calf muscle has a tendon that runs all the way to the plantar side of the foot?
The plantaris muscle -helps proprioception and is used as an autograft
103
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the gastrocnemius (1)
* Proximal attachments: Medial and lateral femoral epicondyles * Distal attachment: Calcaneal tendon (1) to calcaneal tuberosity * Major function: Plantarflexion of foot at ankle
104
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the soleus
* Proximal attachments: Posterosuperior tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane * Distal attachment: Calcaneal tendon (1) to calcaneal tuberosity * Major function: Plantarflexion of foot at ankle
105
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the plantaris (2)
* Proximal attachments: Medial and lateral femoral epicondyles * Distal attachment: Calcaneal tuberosity * Major function: Plantarflexion of foot at ankle
106
List the three muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg
1. Tibialis posterior 2. Flexor digitorum longus 3. Flexor hallucis longus
107
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Tibialis posterior
* Proximal attachments: Posterosuperior tibia, fibula, & interosseous membrane * Distal attachment: Inferior, medial aspect of navicular bone * Major function: Plantar flexion and inversion -point foot forward and inward
108
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Flexor digitorium longus
* Proximal attachments: Posterior shaft of tibia * Distal attachment: Distal phalanges of digits 2-5 * Major function: Flexion of digits 2-5 at the DIP joint
109
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the flexor hallucis longus
* Proximal attachments: Posterior shaft of fibula * Distal attachment: Distal phalanx of digit 1 * Major function: Flexion of digit 1 at the interphalangeal joint
110
Name the 3 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor digitorum longus 3. Extensor hallucis longus
111
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Tibialis anterior (1)
* Proximal attachments: Anterosuperior tibia & interosseous membrane * Distal attachment: Superior, medial aspect of navicular and cuboid bones * Major function: Dorsiflexion and inversion move foot upward and outward
112
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Extensor digitorium longus (2)
* Proximal attachments: Anterior shaft of fibula * Distal attachment: Distal phalanges of digits 2-5 * Major function: Extension of digits 2-5 at the MCP joint
113
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Extensur hallucis longus (3)
* Proximal attachments: Anterosuperior fibula and interosseous membrane * Distal attachment: Distal phalanx of digit 1 * Major function: Extension of digit 1 at the MCP joint
114
Name the 3 muscles found in the lateral compartment of the leg
1. Fibularis longus 2. Fibularis brevis 3. Fibularis tertius
115
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Fibularis longus (1)
* Proximal attachment: Superior lateral aspect of fibula * Distal attachment: Plantar aspect of 1 st metatarsal and medial cuneiform * Major function: Eversion of foot at angle -Help adjust/level foot when walking on uneven ground
116
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Fibularis brevis (2)
* Proximal attachments: Anterior middle fibula * Distal attachment: Tuberosity of the 5 th metatarsal * Major function: Eversion
117
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the Fibularis tertius (3)
* Proximal attachments: From extensor digitorum longus muscle * Distal attachment: Superior base of 5 th metatarsal * Major function: Eversion
118
Name the two tendons found on the lateral side of the leg
1. Fibularis longus tendon (moves across the plantar side) 2. Fibularis brevis tendon
119
Name the 3 muscles found on the 1st and 2nd layer of the plantar foot - Flexor muscles
1. Flexor digitorum brevis 2. Lumbricals 3. Quadratus Plantae
120
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the flexor digitorum brevis (1)
- covered by the thick plantar aponeurosis * Proximal attachment: Calcaneal tuberosity * Distal attachment: Middle phalanges of digits 2-5 * Major function: Flexion of digits 2-5 at PIP and MCP joints
121
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the quadrattus Plantae (2)
* Proximal attachments: Calcaneus * Distal attachment: Flexor digitorum longus tendon * Major function: Stabilization of digital flexors
122
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the lumbricals (3) Tendon of flexor digitorum longus (4)
* Proximal attachments: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus * Distal attachment: Extensor hood of digits 2-5 * Major function: Extension of PIP and DIP joints
123
Name the five deeper muscles of the plantar foot
1. Abductor hallucis 2. Flexor hallucis brevis 3. Adductor hallucis 4. Adductor digiti minimi 5. Flexor digiti minimi
124
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the abductor hallucis (1)
* Proximal attachment: Calcaneus * Distal attachment: Base of 1 st digit * Major function: Abduction of 1st digit, stabilizing
125
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the flexor hallucis brevis (2)
* Proximal attachment: Cuboid and cuneiform bones * Distal attachment: Base of 1 st digit * Major function: Flexion of 1st digit, stabilizing
126
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the adductor hallucis (3) - two heads
* Proximal attachments: Cuneiform bones and base of metatarsals; heads of metatarsals * Distal attachment: Base of 1 st digit * Major function: Adduction of 1st digit, stabilizing
127
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the abductor digiti minimi (4)
* Proximal attachment: Calcaneus * Distal attachment: Base of 5 th digit * Major function: Abduction of 5th digit, stabilizing
128
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the flexor digiti minimi (5)
* Proximal attachment: Cuboid & base of 5 th metatarsal * Distal attachment: Head of 5th metatarsal * Major function: Flexion of 5th digit, stabilizing
129
List the two deepest muscles of the plantar foot
1. Dorsal interossei (4) 2. Planter interossei (5)
130
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the dorsal interossei (4)
* Proximal attachments: Metatarsals * Distal attachment: Base of proximal phalanges * Major function: Abduction of digits
131
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the plantar interossei (5)
* Proximal attachments: Metatarsals * Distal attachment: Base of proximal phalanges * Major function: Adduction of digits
132
Name the two muscles of the dorsal foot
1. Extensor digitorum brevis 2. Extensor hallucis brevis
133
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the extensor digitorum brevis (1)
* Proximal attachments: Calcaneus * Distal attachment: Base of middle phalanges of digits 2-4(5) * Major function: Extend digits 2-4(5)
134
Name the proximal, distal attachment and major function of the extensor hallicus brevis (2)
* Proximal attachments: Calcaneus * Distal attachment: Base of proximal phalanx of 1 st digit * Major function: Extend 1st digit
135
List the four parts of the gait cycle
1. Stance phase= all weight in 1 leg 2. Toe off = end of stance phase 3. Swing phase = hip flexes from an extended position 4. Heel strike = hip externally rotate into flex position and knee extends
136
List the eight nerves from the lumbar plexus
1. Subcostal (T12) 2. Iliohypogastric (L1) 3. Ilioinguinal (L1) 4. Lateral cutaneous of thigh (L2-L3) 5. Femoral nerve (L2-L4) 6. Lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5) 7. Obturator nerve (L2-L4) 8. Genitofemoral (L1-L2)
137
What does the femoral nerve innervates?
Anterior compartment of the thigh
138
What are the six muscles that the femoral nerve innervates?
1. Rectus femoris 2. Vastus lateralis 3. Vastus medialis 4. Vastus intermedius 5. Sartorius 6. Pectineus
139
List the two other muscles that may be affected by the femoral nerve
1. Psoas and iliacus muscles
140
What happens if the femoral nerve is affected?
- Cannot keep like extended after swing or against resistance - altered sensation over anterior thigh, medial anterior leg, ankle, and heel
141
Which nerve of the lumbar plexus is only sensory
Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
142
Symptoms of lateral cutaneous nerve damage
Altered sensation over the lateral thigh - because he passes through the inguinal ligament "pants pockets" distribution Pregnancy Obesity Work belts Tight pants syndrome
143
What are the six muscles that the obturator nerve innervates?
1. Pectineus (partial) 2. Adductor longus 3. Adductor brevis 4. Adductor Magnus (partial) 5. Gracilis 6. Obturator externus
144
Where does the obturator nerve carries sensory information to?
Part of the medial thigh
145
Which muscle of the lumbar plexus can be compressed by abdominal tumors?
The obturator nerve
146
Symptoms of obturator nerve damage
Weakness adducting the thigh against resistance. Instability during stance Altered sensation over the patch of skin of the medial thigh
147
What makes a lumbosacral plexus
The lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5) and the three ventral ramus (S1, S2, S3)
148
Where does the sciatic nerve (L4-S2) come from?
The lumbosacral plexus
149
Name the 4 muscles that the superior and inferior gluteal nerves innervate
Superior: -gluteus medius -gluteus minimus -tensor fascia lata Inferior: -gluteus maximus
150
Where do the gluteal nerves come from?
The lumbosacral plexus
151
What does a superior gluteal nerve do?
Abduct the lower limb to resist pelvic tilt when walking. Hip tilted when hurt = superior gluteal nerve palsy
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What does inferior gluteal nerve do?
Extends the hip when rising from from a chair or climbing stairs
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Name the two parts of the sciatic nerve
1. Tibial nerve 2. Common fibular nerve Innervates the thigh's posterior compartment
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Name the three muscles that the tibial nerve innervates
1. Semimembranosus 2. Semitendinosus 3. Long head of the biceps femoris
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What muscle does the common fibular nerve innervates?
Short head of biceps femoris
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Symptoms of sciatic nerve damage
Weakness when extending the hip when bearing weight and flex the knee when unweighted
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What nerve does the common fibular and tibial nerves contribute to and what does it innervate?
The sural nerve - sensory from the posterior lateral leg
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Name the seven muscles that the tibial nerve innervates
Superficial: 1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Plantaris 4. Popliteus Deep: 5. Tibialis posterior 6. Flexor hallucis longus 7. Flexor digitorum longus
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What is the posterior compartment of the leg muscles do?
Plantarflex the foot and flex the foot during toe off phase
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What are the two terminal divisions of the tibial nerve?
Medial and lateral plantar nerves - Innervate plantar muscles and overlying skin
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Name the four muscles that the superficial fibular nerve innervates
Lateral: 1. Fibularis longus 2. Fibularis brevis -Evert the foot Dorsum of foot: 3. Extensor hallucis brevis 4. Extensor digitorum brevis -Assits in extending the toes
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Where does the superficial fibular nerve carry sensation to?
From the anterior lateral leg to the dorsum of the foot
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Name the three muscles that are deep fibular nerve innervates
1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor digitorum longus 3. Extensor hallucis longus -dorsiflexor foot and ankle, extend the digits of the foot
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Where does the deep fibular nerve receive sensory input from?
Small patch of skin on the dorsum of the foot between the first and second digits
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Name the arteries that supply the gluteal region
1. Superior gluteal artery 2. Inferior gluteal artery
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Where does the femoral artery passes through?
The femoral triangle
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Which artery of the leg if hurt may cut off blood supply to the lower limb
The femoral artery
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What surrounds the femoral vein, artery and nerve?
The femoral sheath
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Where is the femoral canal located? And what is it known for?
Located medial to the femoral sheath Frequent site of a hernia
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Where does the femoral artery gives off the deep femoral artery?
Near the hip
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Where does the femoral artery gives off the descending genicular artery?
Close to the knee
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Where does the femoral artery travel through to reach the posterior knee?
Through the adductor canal
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Where does the obturator artery barely supply blood to?
Medial thigh muscles
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What covers the entire thigh and its vessels?
The fascia lata
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Where does the deep femoral artery supply blood to?
1. Anterior, medial and posterior thigh 2. Perforated branches wrap around the femur
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What does the deep femoral artery give rise to?
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries
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Name the three branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery and their supply
1. Ascending - greater trochanter & lateral gluteal area 2. Middle -greater trochanter & lateral gluteal area 3. Descending - vastus lateralis anterior muscles
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Where does the medial circumflex femoral artery supply blood to?
Neck and head of the femur
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Which two arteries have a weak anastomoses at the hip?
The lateral and medial circumflex femoral arteries
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Which artery is disrupted and causes avascular necrosis of the femoral head
The medial circumflex femoral artery
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How is the popliteal artery produced?
Femoral artery travels --> adductor canal--> emerges at adductor hiatus Posteriorly
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Name the five arteries that make the genicular anastomosis, and why gives rise to it
1. Superior lateral geniculate artery 2. Superior medial geniculate artery 3. Inferior lateral geniculate artery 4. Inferior medial geniculate artery 5. Middle geniculate artery
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Which artery from the leg is a frequent site for an aneurysm
The popliteal artery
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Where do menisci have vessels?
In their outer rim. Makes prone to meniscal tears, and full ruptures of ligaments that rarely resolve on their own
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Which artery passes through the interosseous membrane to supply the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
The anterior tibial artery
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When does the anterior tibial artery become the dorsalis pedis artery?
When it crosses the talus and gives of branches to the dorsum of the foot
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Where does the posterior tibial artery supply blood to?
Muscles of superficial and Deep posterior compartment of the leg
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Which artery does the posterior tibial artery give rise to?
The fibular artery
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Where does the fibular artery supply blood to?
Deep posterior compartment of the leg Also, sends branches into lateral compartment of the leg
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What gives rise to the lateral and medial plantar arteries?
The posterior tibial artery after it crosses the sustentaculum tali - both contribute to the plantar arch
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Where does the deep plantar artery join the plantar arch
On the plantar side of the foot by traveling between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals
192
What does the plantar arch to give rise to?
Plantar digital arteries
193
What results from prolonged ischemia at the foot?
Pressure ulcers and gangrene
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Where do the neutron arteries of the femur, tibia and fibula enter their shaft?
On the posterior side of the middle, 1/3 of the shaft
195
Which leg bone is the number one choice for bone grafting?
The fibula because it's nutrient artery is easily harvested
196
What diseases and conditions cause peripheral vascular disease on the lower limbs?
Atherosclerosis, tumors, trauma and thrombosis
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What are the anastomosis around the knee?
Deep femoral --> superior lateral genicular Descending genicular --> Superior medial genicular
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Anastomoses around the foot
Posterior tibial artery --> lateral plantar artery --> plantar arch Posterior tibial artery --> medial plantar artery --> plantar arch
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Name the four places to test pulse of the lower limb
1. Femoral pulse - at triangle 2. Popliteal pulse - at fossa 3. Dorsalis pedis pulse - at anterior ankle 4. Posterior tibial pulse - at inferior to medial malleolus
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What kind of veins does the lower limb have?
Deep and superficial veins -Deep run parallel to arteries and share their name
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Name the two large superficial veins with no corresponding artery
1. The greater saphenous vein 2. The small saphenous vein
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What does a greater saphenous vein drain to?
The anteriomedial leg and thigh. Empties into femoral vein in the femoral triangle
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Where does the small saphenous vein drain to?
The posterior leg. It drains to the popliteal vein at the fossa
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Name the three narrow vascular bundles of the lower limb
1. Femoral nerve/femoral vessels - vulnerable when trauma to the inguinal ligament 2. Deep fibular nerve/anterior tibial vessels - involved in compartment syndrome when dorsalis pedis pulse decreases 3. Tibial nerve/posterior tibial vessels- may be involved in compartment syndrome when decreased pulse at the medial malleolus
205
What covers the leg to make it tight and make sure blood flow is good
Crural fascia
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What does the crural fascia ensures?
Blood propels superiorly When is not done it can develop compartment syndrome
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What happens during high inflammation or infection when the blood pressure within a compartment, surpasses systolic and diastolic pressure
Blood cannot reach the tissues and the treatment will be to cut the facia.
208
Name the important lymphatic nodes in the lower limb
1. Superficial inguinal nodes 2. Popliteal nodes
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Where does the lymphatic tissue of the lower limb drain to?
Drains at the cisterna chyle, in the thorax
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Which vein does the cisterna chyli drain to?
The left subclavian vein
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Which vein does the lymph from the right upper limb and right head and neck drains to
The right subclavian vein
212
In an x-ray, how does more dense tissue show up
More dense tissue --> white = radiopaque Less dense tissue --> dark = radiolucent
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What does a PA and AP film mean?
PA= Posterior - anterior travel of the ray AP= Anterior- posterior travel of ray
214
What does computer tomography uses?
X-rays and a detector that presents 3-D view of tissues
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What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic resonance imaging Hydrogen atoms in patient reorient along the magnetic field = Computer interpret the data and reconstruct model
216
Difference between a T1 and T2 MRI
T1: fat is bright, muscle, another soft tissues are darker T2: fat is not as bright standing fluid is very bright
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Which one is a MRI (T1,T2) and CT
218
What does ultrasound use?
High frequency sound waves
219
What is a FAST exam?
Focused assessment with sonography for trauma
220
What does a PET scan uses?
Fluorodeoxyglucose FDG - tracer as it is metabolic analogous to glucose any shows areas of increased activity

Anatomy (6 decks)

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