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Boards: Gross > Lower extremity anatomy, head/upper extremity osteology > Flashcards

Lower extremity anatomy, head/upper extremity osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nerve supply for the TFL, glut medius and glut minumus?

A

Superior gluteal

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2
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal N.

Extend thigh
Abduct thigh
Lateral rotation of thigh

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3
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus?

A

Origin: Posterior gluteal line, ilium, sacrum, and coccyx

Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur, fascia lata, IT band

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4
Q

What is the action of the TFL?

A

Abduction of hip, stabalizes ITB during gait

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5
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the TFL?

A

Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Iliotibial tract (IT band) on lateral condyle of tibia

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6
Q

What is the action of the gluteus medius?

A

Abduct thigh

Medial rotation of thigh

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7
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the gluteus medius?

A

Origin: Anterior gluteal line of ilium
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur

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8
Q

What is the action of the gluteus minimus?

A

Abduction of thigh, medial rotation of thigh

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9
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the gluteus minimus?

A

Origin: Inferior gluteal line of ilium
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur

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10
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the iliacus?

A

Femoral (L2-L4)

Flex thigh, lateral rotation of femur

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11
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the iliacus?

A

Origin: Iliac fossa
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

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12
Q

What is the nerve supply and insertion of the quadricep muscles?

A

Femoral (L2-L4)

Insertion: Patella & tibial tube
Rectus femoris crosses 2 joints

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13
Q

What is the origin of the rectus femoris?

A

AIIS

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14
Q

What is the origin of the vastus lateralis?

A

Linea aspera & intertrochanteric line

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15
Q

What is the origin of the vastus intermedius?

A

Upper shaft of femur

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16
Q

What is the origin of the vastus medialis?

A

Linea aspera & intertrochanteric line

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17
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the sartorius?

A

Femoral (L2-L4)

Flex leg
flex thigh
Lat. rotate thigh

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18
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the sartorius?

A

Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Upper media side of tibia

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19
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the adductor brevis and adductor longus?

A

Obturator

Adducts thigh
Flexes thigh

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20
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the adductor brevis and adductor longus?

A

Origin: Pubis
Insertion: Femur (linea aspera)

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21
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the adductor magnus?

A

Obturator: adductor portion
Tibial division of sciatic: hamstring portion

Adducts thigh
Flexes thigh

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22
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the gracilis muscle?

A

Obturator

Adducts thigh
Flexes thigh
Flexes leg

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23
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the gracilis muscle?

A

Origin: Pubic symph
Insertion: Tibia

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24
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the pectinius?

A

Obturator and femoral

Adducts thigh
Flexes thigh

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25
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the pectineus?

A

Origin: Pubic crest
Insertion: Pectineal line of femur

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26
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of psoas major?

A

Spinal nerves L2 & L3

Flexes and rotates thing laterally

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27
Q

What is the origin and insertion of psoas major?

A

Origin: Discs & TPs all lumbars & T12
Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur

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28
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the biceps femoris - Long head?

A

Tibial division of the sciatic

Flex leg
Lat rot of leg
Ext of thigh

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29
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris - long head?

A

Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Head of fibula

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30
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of biceps femoris - short head?

A

Common penorneal division of sciatic

Same action as lateral head

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31
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris - short head?

A

Origin: Linea aspera
Insertion: Head of fibula

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32
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the semimembranosus?

A

Tibial division of sciatic

Flex leg
Med rot of leg
ext of thigh

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33
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosis?

A

Origin: Ichial tub
Insertion: Med condyle of tibia

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34
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the semitendinosis?

A

Tibial division of sciatic

Flex leg
med rot of leg
ext of thigh

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35
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the semitendinosis?

A

Origin: Ischial tub
Insertion: Tibia (medial surface upper part)

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36
Q

What is the continuation of the gluteal tuberosity called?

A

Lateral lip of linea aspera

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37
Q

What is the continuation of the intertrochanteric line?

A

Medial lip of linea aspera

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38
Q

what transforms the sciatic notches into foramenae?

A

The sacrospinous ligaments

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39
Q

What is the pes ansirinus?

A

SGT ‘sargeant’ Ansirinus

Sartorius
Gracilis
Semintendinosus

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40
Q

What is the mnemonic for the contents of the greater sciatic formamen?

A

SNNIPPS

Superior gluteal nerve (and artery)
Nerve to obturator internus (also innervates superior gemellus)
Nerve to quadratus femoris (also inntervates inferior gemellus)

Inferior gluteal nerve
Pudendal nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
Sciatic nerve

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41
Q

What is the mnemonic for the lesser sciatic foramen contents?

A

PIANO

Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal artery
Nerve to obturator internus
Obturator internus

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42
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Lateral: Sartorius
Medial: Adductor longus
Superior: Inguinal ligament

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43
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

M -> L (VAN)

Femoral Vein
Femoral Artery
Femoral Nerve

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44
Q

What are the contents of the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral V. and femoral A. The femoral nerve is outside the sheath

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45
Q

What gives rise to the saphenous N.?

A

Femoral N.

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46
Q

What are the borders of the adductor canal?

A

Lateral: Vastus medialis
Posteromedial: Adductor longus & magnus
Anterior: Sartorius

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47
Q

What are the contents of the adductor canal?

A

Femoral vein, femoral artery, and saphenous nerve

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48
Q

Which foramen does the nerve to the obturator internus go through

A

Both greater and lesser sciatic foramenae

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49
Q

What muscle is associated specifically with the greater sciatic foramen and the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Greater: Piriformis
Lesser: Obterator internus

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50
Q

What is the nerve supply and actin of the extensor digitorum longus muscle?

A

Deep peroneal N.

Ext of 4 lat toes
Dorsiflex foot

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51
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum longus?

A

Origin: Lateral condyle/tibia & fibula
Insertion: 4 lateral toes

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52
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the extensor hallicus longus?

A

Deep peroneal N.

Ext big toes
Dorsiflex foot
Inversion of foot

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53
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the extensor hallicus longus?

A

Origin: Lateral tibia & interosseous membrane
Insertion: Distal phalanx of big toe

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54
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the tibialis anterior?

A

Deep peroneal N.

Dorsiflex foot
Inversion of foot

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55
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the tibialis anterior?

A

Origin: Tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Medial cuneiform & 1st MTP

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56
Q

What is the nerve supply of the peroneous tertius and action?

A

Deep peroneal N.

Dorsiflex foot
Evert foot

57
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the peroneus tertius?

A

Origin: Fibula & interosseous membrane
Insertion: Styloid of 5th MTP

58
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the peroneus brevis?

A

Superficial peroneal N.

Eversion
Plantar flexion

59
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the peroneus brevis?

A

Origin: Fibula
Insertion: Styloid of 5th MTP

60
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the Peroneus longus?

A

Superficial peroneal N.

Eversion
Plantar flx

61
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the peroneus longus?

A

Origin: Fibula and lat condyle of tibia
Insertion: Med cuneiform and 1st metatarsal

62
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial N.

Plantar flx
Flex leg (knee)
63
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the gastrocnemius?

A

Origin: Medial and lateral condyles of tibia
Insertion: Calcaneus

64
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the plantaris?

A

Tibial N.

Plantar flex foot
Flex leg (knee)
65
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the plantaris?

A

Origin: Femur
Insertion: Calcaneus

66
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the soleus?

A

Tibial N.

Plantar flexion

67
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the foot?

A

Origin: Tibia (soleal line) 7 fibula
Insertion: Calcaneus

68
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

Tibial N.
Flex 4 lateral toes
Plantar flexion

69
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the flexor digitorum longus?

A

Origin: Tibia
Insertion: DIPs 2-5

70
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the flexor hallicus longus?

A

Tibial N.

Flex big toe (distal phalanx)

71
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the flexor hallicus longus?

A

Origin: Fibula
Insertion: Distal phalanx of great toe

72
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the Popliteus (this one will be on boards)

A

Tibial N.

Flex leg
Medial rotation of leg

73
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the popliteus?

A

Origin: Lat femoral condyle
Insertion: Posterior tibia

74
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the tibialis posterior?

A

Tibial N.

Plantar flexion
Inversion foot

75
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the tibialis posterior?

A

Origin: Tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, 2-4th metatarsals

76
Q

What does the popliteus do for the knee joint?

A

Unlocks the knee joint (part of “screw home” mechanism)

77
Q

What is the triceps surae?

A

Gastrocs + soleus

78
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the 4 dorsal interossei? “DAB”

A

Lateral plantar N.

Abduction

Dorsal interossei ABduct

79
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the 3 plantar interossei? “PAD”

A

Lateral plantar N.

Plantar interossei ADduct

80
Q

What is the nerve supply and action of the 4 lumbricals?

A

1st lumbrical: Medial plantar N.
2-4 lumbrical: Lateral plantar N.

Flex of MTP but ext of PIP and DIP at same time

81
Q

What 4 muscles are innervated by the medial plantar nerve?

A

1st lumbrical
Abductor hallicus
flexor hallicus brevis
Flexor digitorum brevis

82
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

Cartilage between end and shaft of bone

83
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

End of long bones

84
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

Between epiphysis and diaphysis (vascular growth zone)

85
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of long bone

86
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Source of new osteoblasts of new bone formation if remodeling is needed

87
Q

What is the haversion system?

A

Canal and lamellae concentrically arranged. Basic structural unit of compact bone

88
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small spaces/cavities around cells = “lacuna of howship”. Constains osteoclasts

89
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

Bone cell derived from mesencyme

90
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Multinucleated cell that breaks down bone

91
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

Made by osteoblasts to make new bone. Organic component of bone matrix. Deposits hyroxyapetite to form bone.

92
Q

What is the Volkmann’s canal?

A

Transverse canal in bone. Contains nutrient artery

93
Q

What are the 6 tubercles you should know for boards?

A

Adductor tubercle (on distal/medial femur for adductor magnus)

Quadrate tubercle in femur for quadratus femorus

Lister’s tubercle on distal radius

Greater & lesser tubercles on humerus

Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

94
Q

What are the 3 locations of articular discs?

A

Ulnar-carpal articulation
TMJ
Sternoclavicular joint

95
Q

What is the the asterion?

A

The meeting of the lambdoidal, occipitomastoid, and parietomastoid sutres

96
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The meeting of the great wing of the sphenoid meeting the parietal bone

97
Q

What is the inion?

A

The internaloccipital protuberance

98
Q

What is the bregma?

A

The junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures

99
Q

Where is the anterior fontanelle?

A

The largest. Located at the bregma

100
Q

Where is the posterior fontanelle?

A

Located at the lambda

101
Q

Where is the lateral fontanelle?

A

Located at the pterion

102
Q

Where is the mastoid located?

A

At the asterion

103
Q

How many teeth do adults have and what are the 8 quadrants?

A

28; 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars

104
Q

How many teeth do children have and what are the 5 quadrants?

A

20; “deciduous” teeth: 2 incisors, 1 canin, 2 molars

105
Q

What embryological level does the enamel come from?

A

Surface ectoderm

106
Q

What embryological level do the teeth come from?

A

Head mesoderm

107
Q

What bacterium causes dental carries?

A

Strep mutans

108
Q

What joint classification is the shoulder joint?

A

Multiaxial, ball and socket synovial joint

109
Q

What joint has more freedom than anywhere in the body?

A

Shoulder joint (aka humeroscapular joint)

110
Q

What ligament strengthens the front of the joint capsule in the GH joint?

A

The Glenohumeral ligament

111
Q

What ligament passes from the lesser to the greater tubercle of the humerus, converting the intertubercular groove into a tunnel for the long head of the biceps?

A

Transverse humeral ligament

112
Q

What ligament strengthens the superior part of the capsule (GH joint)?

A

Coracohumeral ligament

113
Q

What is the fibrocartilaginous rim around the margin of the glenoid fossa?

A

Glenoid labrum

114
Q

What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

The neck closest to the joint, separating humeral head from the tubercles

115
Q

What muscle attaches at the lesser tuberosity of the humerus?

A

Subscapularis

116
Q

What sits in the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?

A

Tendon for the long head of the biceps

117
Q

What is the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

Distal to the anatomical neck, most often fractured

118
Q

What is the olecranon fossa and where is it located?

A

Above the posterior aspect of the trochlea, it receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is in extension.

119
Q

What is the trochlea?

A

Medial articulating surface which articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna (anterior)

120
Q

What part of the humerus articulates with the radius?

A

Capitulum (anterior). “Put a cap on the radius”

121
Q

What attaches to the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle?

A

Trapezius

122
Q

What are it’s functions biomechanically?

A

Transmits forces from the arm, connects axial and appendicular skeleton at SC joint.

123
Q

The trapezoid line and conoid tubercle are structures located on what bone?

A

Clavicle

124
Q

What two bands make up the coracoclavicular ligament and which one is more medial?

A

The conoid and trapezoid. Conoid more medial

125
Q

Where is the root of spine of scapula located?

A

T3

126
Q

What groove of the humerus contains the radial nerve?

A

Spiral groove

127
Q

What 2 places can ulnar nerve entrapment occur at?

A

Cubital tunnel (proximal ulna) or tunnel of Guyon (pisiform/hamate).

128
Q

What causes claw hand deformity?

A

Ulnar nerve palsy (sometimes)

129
Q

Although the radial head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, the circumference of the radial head articulates with what to form what?

A

The radial notch of the ulna to form the superior radioulnar joint

130
Q

Which one has a styloid process, the radius or the ulna?

A

Both (at distal ends)

131
Q

What is the order of the proximal row of carpals (L-M)?

A

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform

132
Q

What is the order of the distal row of carpals (L-M)?

A

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

133
Q

In RA, what manifests at the MCPs?

A

Haygarth’s nodes

134
Q

In RA, what manifests at the PIPs?

A

Bouchards nodes (OA as well)

135
Q

In RA, what mafinests at the DIPs

A

Nothing;

Heberden’s nodes in OA

136
Q

What is the most fractured carpal bone?

A

Scaphoid

137
Q

What is the most dislocated carpal bone?

A

Lunate

138
Q

What carpal bones articulate with the ulna?

A

None, only with radius;

Scaphoid and lunate articulate with radius

139
Q

What anatomical structure does the scaphoid form?

A

Forms the floor of the anatomical snuff box

Boards: Gross (5 decks)

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